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A tree trunk that exploded after being hit by lightning

Exploding trees occur when stresses in a tree trunk increase leading to an explosion. These explosions can be caused by three different factors: cold, lightning, and fire.

Cold

Cold causes maple trees to explode by freezing the sap, because it contains water, which expands as it freezes, creating a sound like a gunshot.[1][2] The sound is produced as the tree bark splits, with the wood contracting as the sap expands.[2][3] John Claudius Loudon described this effect of cold on trees in his Encyclopaedia of Gardening, in the entry for frosts, as follows1:

The history of frosts furnishes very extraordinary facts. The trees are often scorched and burnt up, as with the most excessive heat, in consequence of the separation of water from the air, which is therefore very drying. In the great frost in 1683, the trunks of oak, ash, walnut, and other trees, were miserably split and cleft, so that they might be seen through, and the cracks often attended with dreadful noises like the explosion of fire-arms. In the frost of 1837–8 large bushes of heath had their stems split by the frost into shreds, and the wood of the evergreen oak and that of the sweet bay was cracked and split in a similar manner.

— Encyclopaedia of Gardening[4][5], in John Claudius Loudon

Henry Ward Beecher records anecdotal evidence of the wood from which instrument cases and carrying boxes were made splitting in temperatures of −70 °F (−57 °C) in Captain Bach's travels near the Great Slave Lake.[4] Linda Runyon, author of books on wilderness living, recounts her experience of the effect of cold on maple trees as follows:

I was relaxing in front of a fire in the crispness of early morning when Crack! A sound like an explosion came from behind me in the woods. I scanned the trees and saw that a maple tree had "exploded". The explosion caused a big crack in the tree about three feet high. When a winter wind stirs the frozen trees, they sometimes appear to burst vertically. When it was 40 degrees below zero at night, I lay awake and listened to the trees explode. That's a true wilderness thermometer!

— The Essential Wild Food Survival Guide [6], in Linda Runyon

Wally and Shirley Loudon reported the effect of the freeze of December 1968 upon their orchard in Carlton, Oregon as follows:[3]

We saw 47 below on our porch, and we didn't look again. I would hear these bangs and I blamed it on the house expanding or contracting, or whatever, from the cold, but it was the trees exploding. It was the bark bursting, and you could hear it. That's how wild it was.

— "Freezes are becoming a distant memory", Good Fruit Grower[3][7], in Shirley Loudon

To the Sioux of The Dakotas and the Cree, the first new moon of the new year is known, in various dialects, as the "Moon of the Cold-Exploding Trees".[8][9][10][11]

Tree sap is a supercooled liquid in cold temperatures.[12] John Hunter observed, in his Treatise on the Blood, that tree sap within a tree freezes some 17 degrees Fahrenheit below its nominal freezing point.[13][14]

Lightning

Trees can explode when struck by lightning.[3][15][16][17] The strong electric current is carried mostly by the water-conducting sapwood below the bark, heating it up and boiling the water. The pressure of the steam can make the trunk burst.[3][17] This happens especially with trees whose trunks are already dying or rotting.[3][18][19] The more usual result of lightning striking a tree, however, is a lightning scar, running down the bark, or simply root damage, whose only visible sign above ground is branches that were fed by the root dying back.[17][20]

Fire

Exploding trees also occur during forest fires[21] and are a risk to smokejumpers.[22][23][24] In Australia, the native eucalyptus trees are also known to explode during bush fires due to the high flammability of vaporised eucalyptus oil produced by the tree naturally.[25][26]

April fools' hoax

Exploding trees were the subject of a 2005 April Fools' Day hoax covered by National Public Radio, stating that maple trees in New England had been exploding due to a failure to collect their sap, causing pressure to build from the inside.[27] Of course, maple trees have survived for millions of years on Earth, without human beings tapping them for maple syrup and without exploding nonetheless. The root pressure in a maple tree is approximately 0.1MPa, one standard atmosphere, which is nowhere near enough to explode a tree.[3][28]

Footnotes

  • ^1 Similar text can be found in the entry for Frost in Charles Hutton's 1795 Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary[29]

References

  1. ^ Judith Levin (2004). Life at a High Altitude. Life in extreme environments. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 10. ISBN 0823939871. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isnb13= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b Jonathan Dorn (May 2000). "Pop Goes the Forest". Backpacker Magazine. 28 (186). Active Interest Media, Inc.: 72. ISSN 0277-867X. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |number= and |issue= specified (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Holladay, April (2007-02-07). "Buying genetic pets; Exploding sap trees; Non-blinking cows". WonderQuest.
  4. ^ a b Henry Ward Beecher (1859). Plain and pleasant talk about fruits, flowers and farming. New York: Derby & Jackson. p. 100.
  5. ^ Charles Annandale, ed. (1901). "Frost". The New Popular Encyclopedia. Vol. VI. London and Glasgow: The Gresham Publishing Company. p. 37.
  6. ^ Linda Runyon (2007). The Essential Wild Food Survival Guide. Lulu.com. p. 97. ISBN 0936699108. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Geraldine Warner (1996-02-01). "Freezes are becoming a distant memory". Good Fruit Grower. 47 (3).
  8. ^ Joseph Kinsey Howard (1994). Strange empire: a narrative of the Northwest. Borealis Books. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 43. ISBN 0873512987. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Edmund Morris (2001). The rise of Theodore Roosevelt. Modern Library Paperbacks Series. Modern Library. p. 365. ISBN 0375756787. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
  10. ^ James Earl Sherow (2007). The grasslands of the United States: an environmental history. Nature and human societies. ABC-CLIO. p. 105. ISBN 1851097201. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Sidney Kirkpatrick (2006). The revenge of Thomas Eakins. Henry McBride series in modernism and modernity. Yale University Press. p. 337. ISBN 0300108559. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isnb13= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Alain Haché (2002). The physics of hockey. JHU Press. p. 8. ISBN 0801870712. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)
  13. ^ David Ames Wells (1856). Familiar science, or, the scientific explanation of the principles of natural and physical science: and their practical and familiar applications to the employments and necessities of common life. Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson. pp. 129–130.
  14. ^ John Hunter (1835). James F. Palmer (ed.). The Works of John Hunter: with notes. Vol. III. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman. p. 107.
  15. ^ "Sequoiadendron giganteum — A 120 years old tree exploded by lightning". Arboretum de Villardebelle. 2001-02-22.
  16. ^ Michael Bath (2006-02-12). "Funnel cloud observed and lightning explodes a tree in the Lismore area". Storm News and Chasing. Michael Bath and Jimmy Deguara.
  17. ^ a b c George W. Dunne and Roland F. Eisenbeis (1972-05-20). "Nature Bulletin No. 458-A". Forest Preserve District of Cook County. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ "Tree, nature's lightning rod". West Virginia Lightning.
  19. ^ Ira Wolfert (August 1959). "The Awesome Miracle of Lightning". Popular Science. 175 (2). Bonnier Corporation: 186. ISSN 0161-7370.
  20. ^ Barbara W. Ellis, Fern Marshall Bradley, and Helen Atthowe (1996). The organic gardener's handbook of natural insect and disease control. Rodale. p. 392. ISBN 0875967531. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |isbn13= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Rolf. E. Johnson, ed. (2002-01). Rain Forests of the World. New York: Marshell Cavendish. p. 238. ISBN 9780761472544. Retrieved 2009-09-25. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ The National geographic Magazine. 134. 1968. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ^ Weick, Karl E. (1993). "The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: the Mann Gulch disaster". Administrative Science Quarterly. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  24. ^ Clint Willis, ed. (2002). Fire Fighters: Stories of Survival from the Front Lines of Firefighting. Da Capo Press.
  25. ^ Robert L. Santos (1997). "The Eucalyptus of California — Section Three: Problems, Cares, Economics, and Species". Denair, California: Alley-Cass Publications. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ Ted Williams (January/February 2002). "Eucalytus Roulette (con't) Excerpted from America's Largest Weed". Audubon Magazine. Robert Sward. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ Robert Siegel (2005-04-01). "April Fool's: New England Suffers Maple Woes". National Public Radio.
  28. ^ Webb, David T. "Transpiration". BOT 311 Spring 2006 Syllabus. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
  29. ^ Charles Hutton (1795). "Frost". Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary. London: J. Johnson. p. 520.
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