Pascal's constants
Pascals’ constants are numbers used in the evaluation of the magnetic susceptibilities of coordination compounds. The magnetic susceptibility of a compound is the sum of the paramagnetic susceptibility associated with the unpaired electrons and the opposing diamagnetic susceptibilities for the other components of the material, including the core electrons of the very centres carrying the unpaired electrons.[1] Typically, the paramagnetic susceptibility greatly exceeds in magnitude the diamagnetic susceptibility. Thus, the diamagnetic correction is not considered for many purposes. For more precise analyses, however, the diamagnetic corrections are calculated by summing the contributions from the components of the molecule. These group contributions are Pascal’s constants. This analysis assumes that these group contributions are identical in all molecules. In general, the magnitude of Pascal’s constants correlates with the number of electrons in the groups. Groups with extended pi-delocalization have larger diamagnetic corrections compared to related saturated ligands.
These correction factors were first described by Pascal in 1910.[2] The values and the method of analysis have been revised several times.
Representative Pascal Constants[notes 1] cation value anion value molecule value Li+ 1.0 F– –9.1 H2O 13 Na+ 6.8 Cl– 23.4 NH3 18 K+ 14.9 Br– 34.6 pyridine 49 Rb+ 22.5 I– 50.6 ethylenediamine 46.5 Cs+ 35 OH- 12.0 bipyridyl 105 NH4+ 40 CN- 13.0 phenanthroline 128 Mg2+ 5 NCS- 31.0 Fe2+ 12.8 CO32– 29.5 Co2+ 12.8 NO3– 18.9 Ni2+ 12.8 SO42- 40.1 Cu2+ 12.8 ClO3- 30.2 Zn2+ 15 ClO4- 32 Cd2+ 24 BrO3- 38.8 Hg2+ 40.0 IO3- 51.4 Pb2+ 32.0 IO4- 51.9 phthalocyanine 442
Notes
References
- ^ Bain, Gordon A. (2008). "Diamagnetic Corrections and Pascal's Constants". J. Chem. Educ. 85: 532. doi:10.1021/ed085p532.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Pascal, P. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1910, volume 19, page 5