Runway visual range
Runway Visual Range (RVR) is a term used in aviation meteorology to define the distance over which a pilot of an aircraft on the centreline of the runway can see the runway surface markings delineating the runway or identifying its centre line. RVR is normally expressed in feet or metres.
RVR is used as one of the main criteria for minima on instrument approaches, as in most cases a pilot must obtain visual reference of the runway to land an aircraft. The maximum RVR reading is 2,000 metres or 6,000 feet, above which it is not significant and thus does not need to be reported. RVRs are provided in METARs and are transmitted by air traffic controllers to aircraft making approaches to allow pilots to assess whether it is prudent and legal to make an approach.
RVR is also the main criteria used to determine the category of visual aids that are installed at an airport. The International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO stipulates that for RVR values above 550m, CAT I lighting shall be installed, if RVR is between 300m and 549m then CAT II lighting is required. CAT IIIa is installed for RVR values between 175m and 300m. CAT IIIb is required for RVR values between 50m and 175m while there is no RVR limitation for CAT IIIc visual aids.[citation needed]
Originally RVR was measured by a person, either by viewing the runway lights from the top of a vehicle parked on the runway threshold, or by viewing special angled runway lights from a tower at one side of the runway. The number of lights visible could then be converted to a distance to give the RVR. This is known as the human observer method and can still be used as a fall-back.
Today most airports use Instrumented Runway Visual Range or IRVR, which is measured by devices called transmissometers which are installed at one side of a runway relatively close to its edge. Normally three are provided, one at each end of the runway and one at the mid-point.