Activating transcription factor 2
Template:PBB Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.[1]
Function
This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.[1]
The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.[2] The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton.[3] ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK.[4] ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated.[5]
Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.[6][7] ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein[8] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells. ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its N-terminal (Serine 472 and 480 in mouse; Serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks. Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.
ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its N-terminal (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks.[9]
Interactions
Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to interact with NCOA6,[10] RUVBL2,[11] CSNK2A2,[12] MAPK14,[13][14][15] Casein kinase 2, alpha 1,[12] JDP2,[16] MAPK8,[13][14][15][17] CREB binding protein,[18] C-jun,[19][20][21] Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3[22] and UBE2I.[23]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2".
- ^ Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S (1991). "Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32". Genomics. 10 (4): 1103–4. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90210-6. PMID 1833307.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Reimold AM, Grusby MJ, Kosaras B; et al. (1996). "Chondrodysplasia and neurological abnormalities in ATF-2-deficient mice". Nature. 379 (6562): 262–5. doi:10.1038/379262a0. PMID 8538792.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gupta S, Campbell D, Dérijard B, Davis RJ (1995). "Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway". Science. 267 (5196): 389–93. doi:10.1126/science.7824938. PMID 7824938.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Yamasaki T, Takahashi A, Pan J, Yamaguchi N, Yokoyama KK (2009). "Phosphorylation of Activation Transcription Factor-2 at Serine 121 by Protein Kinase C Controls c-Jun-mediated Activation of Transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (13): 8567–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808719200. PMC 2659215. PMID 19176525.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M (2005). "Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment". J. Cell. Biochem. 94 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1002/jcb.20296. PMID 15523674.
- ^ Papassava P, Gorgoulis VG, Papaevangeliou D, Vlahopoulos S, van Dam H, Zoumpourlis V (2004). "Overexpression of activating transcription factor-2 is required for tumor growth and progression in mouse skin tumors". Cancer Res. 64 (23): 8573–84. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0955. PMID 15574764.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V (17 March 2008). "The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis". Bioessays. 30 (4): 314–327. doi:10.1002/bies.20734. PMID 18348191.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bhoumik A, Takahashi S, Breitweiser W, Shiloh Y, Jones N, Ronai Z (2005). "ATM-dependent phosphorylation of ATF2 is required for the DNA damage response". Mol. Cell. 18 (5): 577–87. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.015. PMC 2954254. PMID 15916964.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hong, SunHwa (2004). "Activation and interaction of ATF2 with the coactivator ASC-2 are responsive for granulocytic differentiation by retinoic acid". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (17). United States: 16996–7003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311752200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 14734562.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Cho, S G (2001). "TIP49b, a regulator of activating transcription factor 2 response to stress and DNA damage". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (24). United States: 8398–413. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.24.8398-8413.2001. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 100004. PMID 11713276.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ a b Yamaguchi, Y (1998). "Casein kinase II interacts with the bZIP domains of several transcription factors". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (16). ENGLAND: 3854–61. doi:10.1093/nar/26.16.3854. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 147779. PMID 9685505.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ a b Raingeaud, J (1995). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (13). UNITED STATES: 7420–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.13.7420. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7535770.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ a b Chen, Z (2001). "Regulation of stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by TAO2". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19). United States: 16070–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100681200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11279118.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ a b Tournier, C (1997). "Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 is an activator of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (14). UNITED STATES: 7337–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.14.7337. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 23822. PMID 9207092.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Murata, Takehide (2008). "Phosphorylation of two eukaryotic transcription factors, Jun dimerization protein 2 and activation transcription factor 2, in Escherichia coli by Jun N-terminal kinase 1". Anal. Biochem. 376 (1). United States: 115–21. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2008.01.038. PMID 18307971.
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{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Sano, Y (1998). "CBP alleviates the intramolecular inhibition of ATF-2 function". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (44). UNITED STATES: 29098–105. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.44.29098. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9786917.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Newell, C L (1994). "Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene". J. Leukoc. Biol. 56 (1). UNITED STATES: 27–35. ISSN 0741-5400. PMID 8027667.
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{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Hai, T (1991). "Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9). UNITED STATES: 3720–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.3720. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 51524. PMID 1827203.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Sano, Y (1999). "ATF-2 is a common nuclear target of Smad and TAK1 pathways in transforming growth factor-beta signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13). UNITED STATES: 8949–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.8949. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10085140.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysummary=, and|laysource=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Firestein, R (1998). "Association of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9. Implication of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in regulation of ATF2 in T cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (10). UNITED STATES: 5892–902. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.10.5892. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9488727.
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Further reading
- Denys H, Desmet R, Stragier M; et al. (1978). "Cystitis emphysematosa". Acta urologica Belgica. 45 (4): 327–31. PMID 602896.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Kim SJ, Wagner S, Liu F; et al. (1992). "Retinoblastoma gene product activates expression of the human TGF-beta 2 gene through transcription factor ATF-2". Nature. 358 (6384): 331–4. doi:10.1038/358331a0. PMID 1641004.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Hai T, Curran T (1991). "Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9): 3720–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.3720. PMC 51524. PMID 1827203.
- Hoeffler JP, Lustbader JW, Chen CY (1991). "Identification of multiple nuclear factors that interact with cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 by protein-protein interactions". Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (2): 256–66. doi:10.1210/mend-5-2-256. PMID 1828107.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E; et al. (1991). "Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32". Genomics. 10 (4): 1103–4. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90210-6. PMID 1833307.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Diep A, Li C, Klisak I; et al. (1992). "Assignment of the gene for cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB2) to human chromosome 2q24.1-q32". Genomics. 11 (4): 1161–3. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90047-I. PMID 1838349.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH (1990). "A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (4): 1347–57. PMC 362236. PMID 2320002.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Gonzalez GA, Yamamoto KK, Fischer WH; et al. (1989). "A cluster of phosphorylation sites on the cyclic AMP-regulated nuclear factor CREB predicted by its sequence". Nature. 337 (6209): 749–52. doi:10.1038/337749a0. PMID 2521922.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Maekawa T, Sakura H, Kanei-Ishii C; et al. (1989). "Leucine zipper structure of the protein CRE-BP1 binding to the cyclic AMP response element in brain". EMBO J. 8 (7): 2023–8. PMC 401081. PMID 2529117.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS; et al. (1995). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (13): 7420–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.13.7420. PMID 7535770.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Livingstone C, Patel G, Jones N (1995). "ATF-2 contains a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional activation domain". EMBO J. 14 (8): 1785–97. PMC 398272. PMID 7737129.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - van Dam H, Wilhelm D, Herr I; et al. (1995). "ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated protein kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents". EMBO J. 14 (8): 1798–811. PMC 398273. PMID 7737130.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Zhou Q, Gedrich RW, Engel DA (1995). "Transcriptional repression of the c-fos gene by YY1 is mediated by a direct interaction with ATF/CREB". J. Virol. 69 (7): 4323–30. PMC 189172. PMID 7769693.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G (1994). "Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene". J. Leukoc. Biol. 56 (1): 27–35. PMID 8027667.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Nomura N, Zu YL, Maekawa T; et al. (1993). "Isolation and characterization of a novel member of the gene family encoding the cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BP1". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (6): 4259–66. PMID 8440710.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Martin ML, Lieberman PM, Curran T (1996). "Fos-Jun dimerization promotes interaction of the basic region with TFIIE-34 and TFIIF". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (5): 2110–8. PMC 231198. PMID 8628277.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Yang L, Lanier ER, Kraig E (1997). "Identification of a novel, spliced variant of CREB that is preferentially expressed in the thymus". J. Immunol. 158 (6): 2522–5. PMID 9058782.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Shuman JD, Cheong J, Coligan JE (1997). "ATF-2 and C/EBPalpha can form a heterodimeric DNA binding complex in vitro. Functional implications for transcriptional regulation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (19): 12793–800. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.19.12793. PMID 9139739.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Fukunaga R, Hunter T (1997). "MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates". EMBO J. 16 (8): 1921–33. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.8.1921. PMC 1169795. PMID 9155018.
- Kumar S, McDonnell PC, Gum RJ; et al. (1997). "Novel homologues of CSBP/p38 MAP kinase: activation, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by pyridinyl imidazoles". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 235 (3): 533–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6849. PMID 9207191.
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