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Prima Linea

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Prima Linea (Front Line) was an Italian, Marxist-Leninist, organization of the 1970s committed to the armed struggle. It was formed in 1976 by members of hard-line factions within the far left, extra-parliamentary party Lotta Continua, which disbanded that year, together with members of Potere Operaio and of other far left groups.[1] By 1982 it had carried out more than a twenty assassinations.

Politics and Organization

Prima Linea was the second terrorist organization in Italy, second only to the Red Brigades. Prima Linea is evaluated as "Movimentista" against the Red Brigades, evaluated a "Militariste".[2] The members was perhaps a thousand. The terrorist group was powerful but not so strong well disciplined as the "Red Brigades".

The leaders were Roberto Sandalo, Marco Donat Cattin, Michele Viscardi, Enrico Galmozzi, Fabrizio Giai, Sergio Segio, Susanna Ronconi, Diego Forastieri, Roberto Rosso, Maurice Bignami, Bruno La Ronga, Giulia Borelli, Silviera Russo.[3]

The organization used more sub-names for their operations, among others, Comitati Comunisti Combattenti, Brigate Comuniste Combattenti, Ronde Proletarie.[1]

923 member of "Prima Linea" were questioned, 149 member of "Comitati comunisti per la liberazione proletaria (COLP)" were questioned.[4] More member was not identified.

Activity

The groups coming from Lotta Continua began to organize as proper secret structure in 1974 till 1976 was formed. Prima Linea to begin was active with more names. Later it came with proper name "Prima Linea" at November 30 1976.

Prima Linea was active in more Italian regions, but particularly in Milan-Lombardia, Florence-Toscana, Naples-Campania and most of all in Turin-Piemonte, Turin.[3]

Moreover in Piemonte there began a hard fight between left legal organizations and left terrorist organizations. In Piemonte the fight against Prima Linea and other terrorist organization was directed from Dino Sanlorenzo, Aldo Viglione and others.

After arrests 1980

In 1980 more terrorist members of Prima Linea was arrested. From the main organization splitted two more organizations, "Nucleo di comunisti", also named “Nuclei Comunisti Combattenti”, leader Sergio Segio and (“Comunisti organizzati per la liberazione proletaria”) also named "Comitati comunisti per la liberazione proletaria (COLP)", leader Giulia Borrelli[5][4]

Some Assaults

Ambush to the police in Turin

At March 9, 1979, in Turin, Prima Linea take a attack to one auto with 3 policeman. The terrorists take prisoner the worker in one bar, and call the police with a false help request. The central send a car with 3 man to verify the help-signal. As the car come, the terrorists open a great fire against the policemans. One policeman was wounded and one student in the way, Emanuele Iurilli, was killed.[6]

Assault to the Turin Savings-Bank in Drueno Piemonte

At 9:30 on Friday July 13, 1979, Prima Linea take a attack to the Drueno-agency of Savings-bank Turin, Piemonte. The terrorists take some prisoners, perhaps 15, killed with a shoot in the head one, Bartolomeo Mana, continue to take the money. In the while one terrorist go out in the principal place of the Town and with one rifle and maintain tranquil the peoples. Lather the terrorists group go tranquil with the money. The Court, some years later, condemned 11 terrorist.[7]

The ambush to Dino Sanlorenzo

Dino Sanlorenzo, member of the Communist Party was one of the first to condemn the lefts terrorism, and was determined against the Marxist-Leninist groups. It lead the fight against terrorism groups in Piemonte, Prima Linea and Red Brigades. In the terrorism years was hard engaged against terrorism. The strong action against terrorism induced the terrorist organizations at July 24, 1979 to publish in the newspaper the death sentence against him emitted from Prima Linea.[8] One terrorism group try to execute the dead sentence, but housemaid look the armed group waiting the auto of Dino Sanlorenzo coming to their house and advice him. The ambush failed.[9]

Assassinations

The first assassination, of a lawyer, was carried out in April 1976. By January 1982 Prima Linea (or in one case, a group close to them) had carried out more as twenty:

  • 29 April 1976, in Milan, Enrico Pedenovi, lawyer.[10]
  • 12 March 1977, in Turin, Giuseppe Ciotta, policeman.[11]
  • 20 January 1978, in Florence, Fausto Dionisi, policeman.[12]
  • 11 October 1978, in Naples, Alfredo Paolella, university teacher.[13][14]
  • 19 January 1979, in Turin, Giuseppe Lorusso, policeman.[15]
  • 29 January 1979, in Milan, Emilio Alessandrini, judge.[16]
  • 9 March 1979, in Turin, Emanuele Iurilli, university student.[17]
  • 13 July 1979, in Druento, Turin, Bartolomeo Mana, policeman. During a assault to the Agency of Druento of Turin-savings-bank was captured as hostage and later killed with a shot in the head. [18][19]
  • 18 July 1979, in Turin, Carmine Civitate. Five members of Prima Linea were convicted of homicide and a further five of assisting in the act.[20][21]
  • 21 September 1979, in Turin, Carlo Ghiglieno.[22]
  • 5 February 1980, in Monza, Paolo Paoletti.[23][24]
  • 7 February 1980, in Milan, William Waccher, a former member of Prima Linea, suspected of being a police informer (pentito).[25]
  • 19 March 1980, in Milan, Guido Galli, judge.[26][27]
  • 10 April 1980, in Turin, Giuseppe Pisciuneri, guard of Mondialpol, killed by members of Ronde Proletarie, a grouping close to Prima Linea.[28]
  • 3 June 1980, in Martinafranca, Taranto, Antonio Chionna, policeman.[29]
  • 11 August 1980 in Viterbo, Ippolito Cortellessa, policeman.[30][31]
  • 11 August 1980 in Viterbo, Pietro Cuzzoli, policeman.[32][33]
  • 28 November 1980, in Bari, Filippo Giuseppe, policeman.[34][35]
  • 3 June 1981, in Settimo Milanese, Milan, Antonio Frasca.[36][37]
  • 13 November 1981, in Milan, was killed Eleno Viscardi, policeman, from “Comunisti Organizzati per la Liberazione Proletaria” (COLP) a Group near Pri ma Linea.[38][39]
  • 3 January 1982, in Rovigo, Angelo Furlan, retired, was involved in one assault to the prison of Rovigo and killed from a explosion opening a hole in the wall of prison, to help prisoner to fly.[40]
  • 21 January 1982, in Monteroni d'Arbia (Siena), Giuseppe Savastano, policeman, killed from a group near Prima Linea, "Comunisti Organizzati".[41][42]
  • 21 January 1982, in Monteroni d'Arbia (Siena), Euro Tarsilli, policeman, killed from a group near Prima Linea, "Comunisti Organizzati".[43][44]

Wounded

More peoples was wounded in fire battles.

  • 23 June 1977, in Perugia, Giancarlo Niccolai, executive of DC party, was fired and be struck with some shoots. Survived, remain 3 month in hospital.[45]
  • 5 February 1979, in Turin, Raffaella Napolitano, police-woman, was wounde in one terrorist attack from two women.[46]
  • 11 Dicember 1979, in Turin, five students and five Professors, hostage between a more great group of "istituto di amministrazione aziendale Valletta a Torino", was shot at legs. All survive.[47][48]
  • 2 May 1980, in Rom, Sergio Lenci, architect.[49]
  • 21 January 1982, in Monteroni d'Arbia (Siena), Augusto Barna, policeman, wounded in one fire battle with terrorist from a group near Prima Linea, "Comunisti Organizzati". In the same battle fallen two policeman and one terrorist.[50][51][52]

Member of Prima Linea fallen

More member of Prima Linea fallen:

  • 19 July 1977, in Tradate (Varese), Romano Tognini, fallen during a Assault.[53][54]
  • 18 July 1979, in Turin, Barbara Azzaroni code name ‘Carla’, fallen in one fire battle with the police[55]
  • 18 July 1979, in Turin, Matteo Caggegi code name ‘Charlie’, fallen in one fire battle with the police[56]
  • 14 December 1979, in Rivoli (Turin), Roberto Pautasso, fallen in one fire battle with the police.[57]
  • 21 January 1982, in Monteroni d'Arbia (Siena), Lucio Di Giacomo, from COLP a Group near Prima Linea, fallen in one fire battle with the police.[58]

Member of Prima Linea wounded in fire battle

  • 11 August 1980, in Viterbo, Michele Viscardi, during a fire battle with the police. Two policeman dead in the fire battle, Ippolito Cortellessa and Pietro Cuzzoli.

Today

More terrorists have had sentences reduced, some starkly reduced, the last terrorist of prima Linea was freed in 2004.[4]

Actually a film about some terrorist of Prima Linea; victims of terrorism give heavy protest.

Bibliography

  • "Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana"", PRESIDENZA DELLA REPUBBLICA, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. Libreria dello Stato - ISBN 978-88-240-2868-4 -Redazione a cura dell’Ufficio per la Stampa e l’Informazione con la collaborazione dell’Ufficio per gli Affari Interni e dell’Ufficio per gli Affari dell’Amministrazione della Giustizia della Presidenza della Repubblica

References

  1. ^ a b ‘Breve storia di Prima Linea’, tiscali.it/settanta7.
  2. ^ http://www.sisde.it/Gnosis/Rivista5.nsf/stampe/11
  3. ^ a b ‘Movements and militarism: The armed Front Line of 1968’, Gnosis: Rivista Italiana di intelligence, n. 4/2005 (Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Democratica).
  4. ^ a b c ‘Breve storia di Prima linea’, micciacorta.it
  5. ^ http://www.sisde.it/Gnosis/Rivista5.nsf/stampe/11
  6. ^ Carlo Marletti; Francesco Bullo, Luciano Borghesan, Pier Paolo Benedetto, Roberto Tutino, Alberto de Sanctis, Anni di piombo. Il Piemonte e Torino alla prova del terrorismo, Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino [2004], 2007. ISBN: 978-88-498-1735-5 - One research sponsored from Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte
  7. ^ Carlo Marletti; Francesco Bullo, Luciano Borghesan, Pier Paolo Benedetto, Roberto Tutino, Alberto de Sanctis, Anni di piombo. Il Piemonte e Torino alla prova del terrorismo, Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino [2004], 2007. ISBN: 978-88-498-1735-5 - One research sponsored from Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte
  8. ^ http://www.bancadellamemoria.it/video.php?ID=864
  9. ^ http://www.bancadellamemoria.it/video.php?ID=864
  10. ^ ‘Enrico Pedenovi’, Associazione Italiana Vittime del Terrorismo e dell'Eversione Contro l'Ordinamento Costituzionale dello Stato (AIVITER).
  11. ^ ‘Giuseppe Ciotta’, AIVITER.
  12. ^ ‘Giuseppe Ciotta’, AIVITER.
  13. ^ ‘Alfredo Paolella’, AIVITER.
  14. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 167. ISBN 9788824028684
  15. ^ ‘Giuseppe Lorusso’, AIVITER.
  16. ^ ‘Emilio Alesandrini’, AIVITER.
  17. ^ ‘Emanuele Iurilli’, AIVITER.
  18. ^ ‘Bartolomeo Mana’, AIVITER.
  19. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 147, ISBN 9788824028684
  20. ^ ‘Carmine Civitate’, AIVITER.
  21. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 146, ISBN 9788824028684
  22. ^ ‘Carlo Ghiglieno’, AIVITER.
  23. ^ ‘Paolo Paoletti’, AIVITER.
  24. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 132, ISBN 9788824028684
  25. ^ ‘1980’, Centro di documentazione storico politica su stragismo, terrorismo e violenza politica (Cedost).
  26. ^ ‘Guido Galli’, AIVITER.
  27. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 123, ISBN 9788824028684
  28. ^ ‘Giuseppe Pisciuneri’, AIVITER.
  29. ^ ‘Antonio Chionna’, AIVITER.
  30. ^ ‘Ippolito Cortellessa’, AIVITER.
  31. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 91, ISBN 9788824028684
  32. ^ ‘Pietro Cuzzoli’, AIVITER.
  33. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 91, ISBN 9788824028684
  34. ^ ‘Filippo Giuseppe’, AIVITER.
  35. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 87, ISBN 9788824028684
  36. ^ ‘Antonio Frasca’, AIVITER.
  37. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 75. ISBN 9788824028684
  38. ^ http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/memorie/schede/viscardi.htm
  39. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 66, ISBN 9788824028684
  40. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 63. ISBN 9788824028684
  41. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 62, ISBN 9788824028684
  42. ^ http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/memorie/schede/savastano.htm
  43. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 62, ISBN 9788824028684
  44. ^ http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/memorie/schede/tarsilli.htm
  45. ^ http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/memorie/feriti/niccolai.htm
  46. ^ ‘Raffaella Napolitano’, AIVITER.
  47. ^ http://web.tiscalinet.it/augustus/osspl.htm
  48. ^ http://www.tesionline.it/news/cronologia.jsp?evid=3579
  49. ^ http://www.railibro.rai.it/articoli.asp?id=810
  50. ^ Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo nell’Italia repubblicana: ‘giorno della memoria’ dedicato alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9 maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 2008), page 62, ISBN 9788824028684
  51. ^ http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/memorie/schede/tarsilli.htm
  52. ^ http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg08/lavori/stenografici/sed0444/sed0444.pdf.
  53. ^ http://web.tiscali.it/settanta7/primalinea.htm
  54. ^ http://www.micciacorta.it/prima-linea.shtm
  55. ^ http://web.tiscali.it/settanta7/primalinea.htm
  56. ^ http://web.tiscali.it/settanta7/primalinea.htm
  57. ^ http://web.tiscali.it/settanta7/primalinea.htm
  58. ^ http://www.sisde.it/Gnosis/Rivista5.nsf/stampe/11

See also

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