Fifth generation computer systems project
The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation utilizing massive parallelism.
To succeed in this ambitious project, the driving organization Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) spent billions of yen in creating a specialized hardware and an operating system entirely written in a variant of Prolog programming language, as this was believed to be a truly parallelizable language. Five running "parallel inference machines" were eventually produced:
- PIM/m
- PIM/p
- PIM/i
- PIM/k
- PIM/c
The project also produced applications to run on these systems, such as the parallel database management system Kappa, the legal reasoning system HELIC-II, and the automated theorem prover MGTP.
The FGCS Project did not meet with commercial success for reasons similar to the Lisp machine companies and Thinking Machines. The software was not suitable for commercial applications and the proprietary architecture was no match for the X86 fueled by Moore's law. The project did produce a new generation of promising Japanese researchers. But after the FGCS Project, MITI ceased funding large-scale computer research projects. So even the research momentum developed by the FGCS Project dissipated. The computers, operating system and programs produced by the project only have historical academic interest these days.
Timeline
- 1982: the FGCS project begins and receives funding for 5 years.
- 1985: the first FGCS hardware known as the Personal Sequential Inference Machine (PSI) and the first version of the Sequentual Inference Machine P? Operating System (SIMPOS) operating system is released. SIMPOS is programmed in Kernel Language 0 (KL0), a concurrent prolog-variant with object oriented extensions.
- 1987: a prototype of a truly parallel hardware called the Parallel Inference Machine (PIM) is built using several PSI:s connected in a network. The project receives funding for 5 more years. A new version of the kernel language Kernel Language 1 (KL1) which look very similar to "Flat GDC" (Flat Guarded Definite Clauses) is created, influenced by developments in prolog. The operating system written in KL1 is renamed Parallel Inference Machine Operating System or PIMOS.
- 1991: the first Parallel Inference Machine that actually works is produced.
- 1992: the FGCS program is cancelled/ended. The source code for PIMOS is made public domain, but since it can only run on the PIM-machine, some additional funding is given to produce an emulator for UNIX named KL1 to C compiler (KLIC).
Reference
- Ehud Shapiro. The family of concurrent logic programming languages ACM Computing Surveys. September 1989.
- Carl Hewitt and Gul Agha. Guarded Horn clause languages: are they deductive and Logical? in Artificial Intelligence at MIT, Vol. 2. MIT Press 1991.
- Shunichi Uchida and Kazuhiro Fuchi Proceedings of the FGCS Project Evaluation Workshop Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT). 1992.