Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support
CORDS (Operations and Revolutionary Development Support) was a pacification program of the U.S. Armed Forces in the Vietnam War.
Development of the Program
CORDS was designed by the National Security Council member Robert W. Komer in 1966, who argued that a pacification success that was desired by President Johnson could only be achieved by integrating three tasks. The first and most basic requirement for pacification had to be security, because the rural population had to be kept safe from the main enemy forces. If this was achieved, the insurgents’ forces had to be weakened both by destroying their infrastructure among the population and by developing programs to win over the people’s sympathy for the South Vietnamese government and the U.S. forces. The third point emphasized by Komer was that the new strategy had to be applied on a large scale in order to significantly turn around the situation[1].
Under an organizational perspective, these goals implicitly required that efforts were concentrated under a single command. Against initial reservations from civilian organizations like USAID, CORDS was eventually implemented under the military’s command[2]. This also had the crucial advantage of bringing massive financial resources to the civilian pacification programs that would not have been available without the military’s involvement.
CORDS was eventually implemented in all 44 South Vietnamese provinces, headed by a native province chief who was supported by an American province senior adviser. The advisor’s staff was divided into a civilian part which supervised area and community development, and a military part which handled security issues[3].
Evaluation of the Program
Though in the end the war was lost by the U.S., the CORDS program is often cited as having been effective in carrying out pacification efforts. The insurgents’ numbers had declined, rural security had increased, and even North Vietnamese accounts show that it was increasingly hard for the Viet Cong to gain support from the population[4]. However, initial successes could not be sustained for long, and although the insurgents were significantly weakened, their infrastructure could not be destroyed.
In light of the overall development of the war, CORDS founder Komer attributes the eventual failure to “too little, too late”[5]. The most probable reason for the eventual failure of the CORDS efforts, however, was the low popularity of the South Vietnamese government and its high dependence on US assistance and resources. “[T]here was nothing to indicate that the pacification program had generated any real enthusiasm for the Thieu government”[6].