Java chicken
The Java is a breed of chicken originating in the United States. Despite the breed's name, which comes from the island of Java in Indonesia, it was developed in the U.S. from chickens of unknown Asian extraction. It is one of the oldest American chickens, forming the basis for many other breeds, but is critically endangered today. Javas are large birds with a sturdy appearance. They are hardy, and are well-suited for both meat and egg production, especially by small-scale farms, homesteads, and backyard keepers.
Characteristics
Javas are heavy chickens, with roosters weighing around 9.5 pounds (4.3 kilos) and hens 6.5 to 7.5 pounds (2.9 to 3.4 kilos). They have a very long, broad back and a deep breast, which makes for a solid, rectangular build. They have small earlobes and medium size combs and wattles, all of which are red in color. Javas have singe combs, but they have a shape which suggests the influence of a pea-combed breed in their development.[1]
Javas appear in three color variations today: Black, Mottled, and White. The Black has black shanks and beaks, though some yellow may appear in the legs. The plumage is a uniform black hue that has a dark green sheen in the light. The Mottled and White have mostly yellow skin, with horn colored beaks. The plumage of the Mottled is a black base with white markings on the tips of feathers, which imparts a spotted appearance.[2]
Javas are valued for their dual-purpose characteristics. Though they are slow-growing compared to the broilers used by the commercial chicken industry today, they make a decent meat bird. Hens lay a respectable amount of large, brown eggs and will go broody. Javas are particularly known as good foragers, needing less supplementary feed than many breeds when allowed to free range.[3] Like many large breeds, they are also known to be docile birds. In general, Javas are particularly suitable for keepers of smaller flocks who require a good dual-purpose chicken.[4][5]
History
After the Dominique, the Java is the oldest breed of chicken created in the U.S.[6] Though its name would suggest a Javan derivation, it is not known exactly where in Asia its ancestors came from.[7] It was first mentioned in print in 1835, but it is thought to have been present well before this time.[8] Javas were especially notable as meat production birds throughout the 1800's[9], with their popularity peaking in the latter half of that century.[10]
The Java is a key foundation breed for the American class of chickens,[11] having contributed significantly to major modern fowl such as the Jersey Giant, Rhode Island Red and Plymouth Rock.[12] They are also likely to be the source of the yellow skin in contemporary Dominiques, which once had white skin.[13]
The Java was first recognized officially by acceptance in the American Poultry Association's Standard of Perfection in 1883.[14]The White, Black, and Mottled varieties were all originally described in the Standard, but the White was removed in 1910 because it was thought to be too similar to the White Plymouth Rock.[15] It eventually disappeared in the 1950's.[16] There was also an Auburn type which was the basis for the Rhode Island Red, but it died out by 1870.[17]
Javas had nearly become extinct by the end of the 20th century, having been pushed to fringes of the poultry world by the intense focus on one or two breeds by commercial growers, and the introduction of innumerable new and exotic breeds in poultry fancy. The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy lists the breed as Critical on its watchlist, meaning fewer than 500 breeding birds from five or fewer primary breeding flocks are known (this does not take in to account the population of non-breeding flocks).[18] The breed is also listed as part of Slow Food USA's Ark of Taste, a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction.[19]The Java survives today due to the efforts of the Conservancy and a few dedicated breeders. In particular, the Garfield Farm Museum in Illinois has played a pivotal role in the preservation of Javas in the 21st century.[20] Beginning with pure Black Javas, sports from the Garfield flock have revived the White variety of Javas.[21] The Garfield Farm has also been supported by the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, which hatched Java chicks as part of their exhibit on genetics.[22]
Footnotes
- ^ (Ekarius 2007, p. 93)
- ^ (Ekarius 2007, p. 93)
- ^ (Dougherty 2007)
- ^ (Ekarius 2007, p. 92)
- ^ (Dougherty 2007)
- ^ (Ekarius 2007, p. 92)
- ^ (Heinrichs 2007, p. 40)
- ^ (Ekarius 2007, p. 92)
- ^ albc-usa.org
- ^ (Ott 2002)
- ^ (Heinrichs 2007, p. 40)
- ^ (Ekarius 2007, p. 92)
- ^ (Heinrichs 2007, p. 40)
- ^ (Ekarius 2007, p. 92)
- ^ (Heinrichs 2007, p. 40)
- ^ (Ott 2002)
- ^ (Heinrichs 2007, p. 41)
- ^ albc-usa.org
- ^ "slowfoodusa.org". Java Chicken. Slow Food USA. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ^ (Heinrichs 2007, pp. 41–42)
- ^ (Ekarius 2007, pp. 92–93)
- ^ (Ott 2002)
References
- Dougherty, Mike (August–September 2007). "The Java Experience: Raising a Critically Endangered Breed". Backyard Poultry Magazine. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - Ekarius, Carol (2007). Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds. 210 MAS MoCA Way, North Adams MA 01247: Storey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58017-667-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - Heinrichs, Christine (2007). How To Raise Chickens. Voyageur Press. ISBN 9780793806010.
- "Java Chicken". albc-usa.org. American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- Ott, Janet (February–March 2002). "Java Chickens back from the brink". Mother Earth News. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)