Relative return
Relative investment performance (or relative return) is a measure of the return of an investment portfolio relative to a theoretical passive reference portfolio or benchmark.
In active portfolio management, the aim is to maximize the relative return (often subject to a risk constraint). In passive portfolio management, the aim is to obtain a relative return as close to zero as possible, thereby reproducing the return of the theoretical reference portfolio. When the relative return is positive, the portfolio is said to outperform the benchmark. Conversely, when the relative return is negative, the portfolio is said to underperform the benchmark.
Within passive portfolio management, the absolute value of the relative return is often called the tracking error, which is confusing since the tracking error is more generally defined as the standard deviation of the relative return. Index funds are the financial products that use passively managed portfolios.
Juxtaposed with relative return is the absolute return or absolute investment performance, which is used to describe the return of the investment portfolio itself. In recent years, so-called absolute return strategies, that aim to always produce a positive absolute return regardless of the directions of financial market, have become popular. Such absolute return strategies typically achieve this by investing the portfolio's assets in short-term cash and then taking opportunistic long positions and short positions in selected (groups of) securities without structurally being exposed to any particular market (segment) over time. Of course, whether such portfolio actually delivers a positive absolute return depends on the skill of the portfolio manager in selecting profitable long and short positions. Many hedge funds employ these absolute return strategies.
Contrary to popular opinion, it is not true that the relative return cannot be measured in a meaningful sense for portfolios that aim to deliver a positive absolute return. After all, the neutral position of these portfolios is to be fully invested in cash without any other long or short positions. Thus, the risk-free rate is an appropriate benchmark to use for measuring the relative return of absolute return strategies.
The relative return measure is a useful measure to evaluate the skill of the portfolio manager: if the relative return is positive, then the portfolio manager has skill. However, the relative return measure by itself is not sufficient to quantify how much skill a portfolio manager has, since the measure does not take into account the amount of risk that the portfolio manager has taken. In order to compare two outperforming portfolio managers, one should therefore consider not only the relative return, but also the risk taken by each portfolio manager.