Highly optimized tolerance

In complex systems research, highly optimized tolerance is "a general framework for studying complexity", in the words of J. M. Carlson (of the University of California, Santa Barbara) and John Doyle (of the California Institute of Technology). Less recently, in Reference 3, they defined highly optimized tolerance as "a mechanism for complexity based on robustness tradeoffs in systems subject to uncertain environments." Doyle and Carlson have been the main proponents of highly optimized tolerance.

In Reference 3, they wrote that probability-loss-resource problems are the "simplest examples" of highly optimized tolerance.

References

1. Carlson, J. M. & Doyle, J. (1999) Phys. Rev. E 60, 1412–1427.
2. Carlson, J. M. & Doyle, J. (2000) Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2529–2532.
3. Doyle, J. & Carlson, J. M. (2000) Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5656–5659.
4. Zhou, T. & Carlson, J. M. (2000), Phys. Rev. E 62, 3197–3204.
5. Robert, C., Carlson, J. M. & Doyle, J. (2001) Phys. Rev. E 63, 56122, 1–13.
6. Zhou, T., Carlson, J. M. & Doyle, J. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2049–2054.