Character entity reference

In the markup languages SGML, HTML, XHTML and XML, a character entity reference is a reference to a particular kind of named entity that has been predefined or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). The replacement text of the entity consists of a single character from the Universal Character Set/Unicode. The purpose of a character entity reference is to provide a way to refer to a character that is not universally encodable.

Actually, in XML at least, the term "character entity reference" is incorrect. XML has two relevant concepts:

• a "predefined entity reference" is a reference to one of the special characters denoted by <, >, &, ", or ';
• while a "character reference" (or "numeric character reference") is a construct such as   or   that refers to a character by means of its numeric Unicode codepoint.

Although in popular usage character references are often called "entity references" or even "entities", this usage is wrong. A character reference is a reference to a character, not to an entity.

See also

• SGML entity
• Character encodings in HTML
• Numeric character reference
• List of XML and HTML character entity references

External links

• Entities Table
• A Simple Character Entity Chart
• Browser Support for Entities (currently / not available)
• A character entity chart with images for entities