KdV hierarchy
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Let be translation operator defined on real valued functions as . Let be set of all Analytic Functions that satisfy , i.e. periodic functions of period 1. For each , define an operator on the space of smooth functions on . We define the Bloch spectrum to be the set of so that there is a nonzero function with and . The KdV hierarchy is a sequence of nonlinear differential operators so that for any we have an analytic function and we define to be and , then is independent of .