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Intel Core 2

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Core 2
Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 "Conroe"
General information
Launched2006 -
Common manufacturer
  • Intel
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate1.06 GHz to 3 GHz
FSB speeds533 MT/s to 1333 MT/s
Architecture and classification
Technology node0.065 to 0.045
MicroarchitectureIntel Core microarchitecture
Instruction setMMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, x86-64
Physical specifications
Sockets
  • Socket T (LGA 775)
  • Socket M (µPGA 478)
  • Socket P (uPGA 478)
Products, models, variants
Core names
  • Allendale
  • Conroe
  • Merom
  • Kentsfield

The first wave of Core 2 processors was officially released on July 27, 2006. Like the Intel Core brand that it supersedes, Intel currently offers the Core 2 series processor in Duo (two-core), Quad (four-core), and Extreme (two- or four-core with higher speed and unlocked multiplier) models. The base processors are code-named "Conroe" (for desktop use) and "Merom" (for portable use); their variants have code names such as "Kentsfield" (quad-core Conroe) and "Penryn" (45 nm Merom). Although the "Woodcrest" server CPUs are also based on Core microarchitecture, they are marketed under the Xeon brand rather than Core 2.[1] As of December 2006, all Core 2 Duo processors are fabricated on 300 mm wafers in Fab 12 in Arizona in the US and Fab 24-2 in County Kildare in Ireland.[citation needed] The 65 nm manufacturing process was developed at Intel's Oregon D1D facility.[citation needed]

Unlike NetBurst-based processors, such as the Pentium 4 and Pentium D, Core 2 does not stress designs based on extremely high clock speeds but rather improvements in the processor's usage of both available clock cycles and power. This translates into more efficient decoding stages, execution units, caches, and buses, as well as many other factors. The CPU-family may also have more than one core on a single chip. The power consumption of these processors is much lower than the Pentium desktop line of products. With a TDP of only 65 W, Core 2 features a significantly reduced power consumption compared to its predecessor desktop chip, the Pentium 4 Prescott with a TDP of 130 W.[citation needed]

Intel Core 2 processors feature Intel 64, Virtualization Technology (except T5500 or lower end E4x00), Execute Disable Bit, and SSE3. Core 2 also introduced SSSE3, LaGrande Technology[citation needed], Enhanced SpeedStep Technology, and Active Management Technology (iAMT2).

Current processor cores

Core 2 Duo brand logo
File:IntelCore2QuadLogo.png
Core 2 Quad brand logo
Core 2 Extreme brand logo

Conroe

The first Intel Core 2 Duo processor cores, code-named Conroe and given the Intel product code 80557, were launched on July 27, 2006 at Fragapalooza, a yearly gaming event in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. These processors are built on a 65 nm process and are intended for desktops, replacing the Pentium 4 and Pentium D. Intel has claimed that Conroe provides 40% more performance at 40% less power compared to the Pentium D. All Conroe processors are manufactured with 4 MiB L2 cache; however, for marketing purposes, the E6300 and E6400 versions have half their cache disabled, leaving them with only 2 MiB of usable L2 cache.

The lower end E6300 (1.86 GHz) and E6400 (2.13 GHz), both with a 1066 MT/s FSB, were released on July 27, 2006. Traditionally, CPUs of the same family with less cache simply have the unavailable cache disabled, since this allows parts that fail quality control to be sold at a lower rating. At launch time, Intel's prices for the Core 2 Duo E6300 and E6400 processors were US$183 and US$224 each in quantities of 1000. Conroe CPUs have an enormous value with their overclocking capabilities — the 1.86 GHz model has been shown to overclock to over 3.0 GHz with a good motherboard supporting high FSB speeds. In these reports, an overclocked Core 2 Duo 1.86 GHz was shown to eclipse the Core 2 Extreme in certain benchmarks. According to reviews, the larger 4 MiB L2 cache vs. the smaller 2 MiB L2 cache can provide a 0–9% performance gain with certain applications and 0–16% performance gain with certain games.[2][3] With the higher overclock of the two processors, end-users can make up the 3.5% by overclocking further than its higher end Conroe cousins. However, the low multiplier on these two lower-end chips requires a high FSB to reach high speeds, which few motherboards support.

The higher end of the Conroe processors are labeled as the E6600 and E6700 Core 2 Duo models, with the E6600 clocked at 2.4 GHz and the E6700 clocked to 2.67 GHz. The family has a 1066 MT/s front side bus, 4 MiB shared L2 cache, and 65 watts TDP. These processors have been tested against AMD's current top performing processors (Athlon 64 FX Series), which were, until this latest Intel release, the fastest CPUs available, and the vanilla Conroe boasts much faster performance.[4] Overclocking results show that the E6700 and E6600 are stable when overclocked up to 4 GHz with air cooling, and to 5.7 GHz with liquid nitrogen cooling.[5] These impressive speeds are possible due in part to the fact Conroe series chips have an adjustable multiplier (previous intel processors lacked this, with the exception of very high end Extreme Edition™ models). The Conroe multiplier can be adjusted from x6 to x9 - allowing higher clock rates with the ability to strap the MCH (northbridge) down for stability depending on your hardware. Also, Conroe chips experience much lower heat output compared to their predecessors -a benefit of the new 65nm technology. The lower heat output makes these high overclocks possible, as it is easier to control the heat with relatively inexpensive cooling. Unfortunately, the latest changes to the E6600 processor (regarded as the most popular and affordable Conroe processor for overclocking) manufacturing process have proven to cripple these high overclocks. The latest L640 batches (produced in the new Malaysia plant 1/1/07 to present) tend to require more voltage than previous chips, and run hotter. These latest batches have had difficulty obtaining stability above 3.2GHz at nominal voltages.[6]

At launch time, Intel's prices for the Core 2 Duo E6600 and E6700 processors were US$316 and US$530, respectively, each in quantities of 1000.

E6320 and E6420 Conroe CPUs at 1.86 and 2.13 GHz respectively were launched on April 22, 2007 featuring a full 4 MiB of cache(and are therefore full Conroes and not just Allendales).

Conroe XE

The top-of-the-line Core 2 Extreme was officially released on July 29 2006. However some retailers appeared to have released it on July 13 2006, albeit at a high premium. The less powerful E6x00 models of Core 2 Duo were scheduled for simultaneous release with the X6800, which are both available at this time. It is powered by the Conroe XE core and replaces the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition and the dual-core Pentium Extreme Edition processors. Core 2 Extreme has a clock speed of 2.93 GHz and a 1066 MT/s FSB, although it was initially expected to achieve 3.33 GHz and 1333 MT/s. The TDP for this family is 75–80 watts. At full load the X6800 does not exceed 45 °C (113 °F), and with SpeedStep enabled the average temperature of the CPU when idle is essentially that of the ambient atmosphere. [7]

At launch time, Intel's price for the Core 2 Extreme X6800 was US$999 each in quantities of 1000. Like the desktop Core 2 Duo, it has 4 MiB of shared L2 cache available. This means that the only major difference between the regular Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme is the clock speed and unlocked multiplier,usual advantages of the "Extreme Edition." This also allows it to gain a better overclocking ability than the other Core 2 processors, with up to an 11 times multiplier.

Overclocking proves more promising, as Intel allows the user to change the multiplier number. The X6800 has shown the ability to be overclocked to 3.6 GHz on Intel's stock cooler with no increase in voltage to the system components, 4.1 GHz with good air cooling and increased voltage, and 5.7 GHz with liquid nitrogen cooling or Phase Change.[8]

Allendale

There is some contention as to whether currently-available low-end Core 2 Duo desktop processors (E6300, at 1.86 GHz and E6400, at 2.13 GHz, both with 2 MiB L2 cache) are specimens of the Allendale core. Until Q1 2007, all E6300 and E6400 processors released were Conroe (4 MiB L2 cache) cores with half their L2 cache disabled. The Allendale core, manufactured with 2 MiB L2 cache in total, offers a smaller die size and therefore greater yields.

Quoted from The Tech Report:

You'll find plenty of sources that will tell you the code name for these 2MB Core 2 Duo processors is "Allendale," but Intel says otherwise. These CPUs are still code-named "Conroe," which makes sense since they're the same physical chips with half of their L2 cache disabled. Intel may well be cooking up a chip code-named Allendale with 2MB of L2 cache natively, but this is not that chip.[9]

Another difference between the premium E6000 series (Conroe core) and the E4000 series (Allendale core) is the front side bus clock rating. The E4000 series are rated to run on a quad-pumped 200 MHz front side bus ("800 MT/s") while the E6000 series are rated to run on a quad-pumped 266 MHz front side bus ("1066 MT/s"). The E4000 series also lack support for Intel VT-x instructions.

The currently available Core 2 Duo E4300 truly uses an Allendale core, released on January 21, 2007. The Allendale processors use a smaller mask with only 2 MiB of cache, thereby increasing the number of chips per wafer. Allendale processors are produced in the LGA775 form factor, on the 65 nm process node. It is unclear and a matter of contention whether the E6300 and E6400 models are still Conroe processors with half their L2 cache disabled or Allendale processors. It is possible that the E6300 and E6400 models can be both Allendale and Conroe, differentiated by the L2 and B2 steppings respectively.

List price per processor in quantities or one thousand for the E4300 is US$163 as of this writing (February 2007). Standard OEM price is US$175, or US$189 for retail packages. Price cuts were enacted on April 22, 2007, when the E4400 was released at $133 and the E4300 dropped to $113. Allendale processors with half their L2 cache disabled are to be released in mid-June 2007 under the Pentium E model name.

Optimally, the memory bandwidth afforded should match the bandwidth of the FSB closely. The AGTL+ PSB used by all NetBurst processors as well as current and medium-term (pre-CSI) Core 2 processors provides a 64-bit data path. Current chipsets provide for two DDR or two DDR2 channels.

Matched processor and RAM ratings
Processor Model DDR or DDR2 rating Memory channels Bandwidth
T5200 PC2-4200 (DDR2-533) Single channel 4.267 GB/s
T5n00 and T7n00 PC2-5300 (DDR2-667) Single channel 5.333 GB/s
Socket P T7n00 PC2-3200 (DDR2-400) Dual channel 6.400 GB/s
PC2-6400 (DDR2-800) Single channel 6.400 GB/s
E4n00/Pentium E21n0/Celeron 4n0 PC3200 (DDR400) or PC2-3200 (DDR2-400) Dual channel 6.400 GB/s
PC2-6400 (DDR2-800) Single channel 6.400 GB/s
E6n00, E6n20, X6n00, Q6n00 and QX6n00 PC2-4200 (DDR2-533) Dual channel 8.533 GB/s
E6n50 PC2-5300 (DDR2-667) Dual channel 10.667 GB/s

Merom

Merom, the first mobile version of the Core 2, was officially released on July 27, 2006 but quietly began shipping to PC manufacturers in mid-July alongside Conroe.[10][11] Merom is Intel's premier line of mobile processors, with largely the same features as Conroe but with more emphasis on low power consumption to enhance notebook battery life. Merom provides 20% more performance yet maintains the same battery life as the Yonah-based Core Duo. Merom is the first Intel mobile processor to feature the Intel 64 64-bit architecture.

The first version of Merom is drop-in compatible with the prior Core Duo platform, requiring at most a BIOS update. It has a similar thermal envelope (34 watts) and the same 667 MT/s bus rate.[12]

A second wave of Merom processors featuring an 800 MT/s FSB and using the new Socket P was launched on May 9, 2007.[13] These chips are part of the platform code-named Santa Rosa.[14] Low voltage versions were also release on May 9, [[2007].

Merom (מרום) is the Hebrew word for a higher plane of existence or a level of heaven. BaMerom (במרום) meaning in the heavens. The name was chosen by the Intel team who designed the processor at Intel Haifa in Israel.

See the Merom section of "List of Intel Core 2 microprocessors" for a list of Merom processors.

Merom CPU specification

Dual Core, Notebook processor

  • L1 cache: per core 32 + 32 KiB (data + instruction cache), 8-way set associative
  • L2 Cache: 4 MiB or 2 MiB at processor clock, 8-way set associative

Quad Core Kentsfield

Kentsfield is the name of a quad-core version of the Core 2 processor. The first released top-of-the-line Kentsfields are branded Core 2 Extreme and have model numbers QX6xx0, while the mainstream ones are called Core 2 Quad (Q6xx0). The first model of Kentsfield, named Core 2 Extreme QX6700 (product code 80562), was released on November 2, 2006 at US$999. The processor features four cores clocked at 2.67 GHz, and two 4 MiB L2 caches [15][16][17][18][19]. The mainstream 2.4 GHz Core 2 Quad Q6600 was launched on January 08, 2007 at US$851 (reduced to US$530 on April 7, 2007).

The Kentsfield processor is strategically similar to the Pentium D, as the Pentium D consists of two separate Pentium 4 dies in one package as central processing unit (CPU), while the Kentsfield uses two Core 2 Duo dies in one CPU package. Hence, the max. power consumption (TDP) of the Kensfield (QX6800 - 135 watts[20], QX6700 - 110 W[21], Q6600 - 105 W[22]) is approx. double of its similarly clocked Core 2 Duo counterpart, however, further versions are expected to have a TDP of 80 W[23]. For example, the QX6700 consists of two E6700 chips connected together by a 1066 MT/s FSB on one MCM, resulting in lower costs but less bandwidth to the northbridge. The Kentsfield is one socket processor (AMD Quad FX refers to two dual-core processors on one motherboard in two separate sockets with a 2x125W[24]=250W TDP). The Kentsfield sits in a LGA775 socket, as the Core 2 Duo does.

Four cores of a CPU scale very well in multi-threaded applications, such as video editing, ray-tracing, or rendering, in which their processing ability may approach a double of equally clocked dual-core CPU. It cannot reach almost double due to a loss of performance resulting from the narrow memory bandwidth and operating system overhead of handling twice as many cores and threads. Single or dual-threaded applications alone, including most games, will not benefit from the additional two cores of a quad-core CPU. Kentsfield's relatively small increase in FSB and processor speed over Core 2 Duo's does not alone boost the overall performance for single-threaded applications, however a high-speed, low latency RAM may bump up the numbers. Nevertheless, a simultaneous use of (multitasking) several processor-demanding single/dual threaded applications will see a dramatic overall performance increase. A four-core CPU has a potential to run the both client and server process of a game without noticeable lag in either "thread", as each instance (up to four) could be running on a different core.

A high-end OEM-only Core 2 Extreme QX6800[25] processor was launched in limited quantities on April 8, 2007 at US$1,199. It carries 2× 4 MiB L2 cache, is clocked at 2.93 GHz, and have a thermal envelope of 135 W. A new Core 2 Quad Q6700, with two Core 2 Duo E6700 dies in one processor, will be released at US$530 on July 22nd 2007, when the price of Core 2 Quad Q6600 will drop to $266, and QX6800's - to US$999[26].

Future processors

Template:Future chip

Conroe

Intel is expected to release four additional Core 2 Duo Processors on July 22nd, 2007. The release will coincide with that of the Intel Bearlake (x3x) chipsets. The new processors will be named Core 2 Duo E6550, E6750, and E6850. Processors with a number ending in "50" will have a 1333 MT/s FSB. The processors will all have 4 MiB of L2 cache. Their clock frequency will be similar to that of the already released processors with the same first two digits (E6600, E6700, X6800).[27] These processors are slated to compete with AMD's Stars processor line and are therefore priced below corresponding processors with a 1066 MT/s FSB. An additional model, the E6540, will be launched with specifications similar to the E6550 but lacking Intel Trusted Execution Technology and vPro support. Reported launch prices are as follows:[28]

Core 2 Duo E6x40/E6x50 Series List Prices in Q3 2007 (per unit, for 1,000 units)
Model Clock Speed L2 Cache Quantity FSB Rating Price
Core 2 Duo E6540 2.33 GHz 4 MiB 333 MHz QDR <US$163
Core 2 Duo E6550 2.33 GHz 4 MiB 333 MHz QDR US$163
Core 2 Duo E6750 2.66 GHz 4 MiB 333 MHz QDR US$183
Core 2 Duo E6850 3.00 GHz 4 MiB 333 MHz QDR US$266

Quad Core Kentsfield

The currently available Core 2 Extreme QX6700 will be relaunched on July 22nd, 2007 as the Core 2 Quad Q6700, clocked at 2.66 GHz, but it consumes less power than QX6700. The Q6600 is additionally expected to fall in price to US$266 on July 22nd, 2007.

Kentsfield Processors List Prices in July 22 (per unit, for 1,000 units)
Model Clock Speed L2 Cache Quantity FSB Rating Price

on July 22nd, 2007

Core 2 Quad Q6600 2.40 GHz 2×4 MiB 266 MHz QDR US$266
Core 2 Quad Q6700 2.66 GHz 2×4 MiB 266 MHz QDR US$530
Core 2 Extreme QX6800 2.93 GHz 2×4 MiB 266 MHz QDR US$999
Core 2 Extreme QX6850 3.0 GHz 2×4 MiB 333 MHz QDR US$999

Allendale

On June 22nd, 2007, an E4500 Allendale will be launched, phasing out the E4300 model.[29] This will be accompanied by a price cut for the E4400 model.

Core 2 Duo E4000 Series List Prices on June 22nd, 2007 (per unit, for 1,000 units)
Model Clock Speed L2 Cache Quantity FSB Rating Price
Core 2 Duo E4300 1.8 GHz 2 MiB 200 MHz QDR N/A
Core 2 Duo E4400 2.0 GHz 2 MiB 200 MHz QDR US$113
Core 2 Duo E4500 2.2 GHz 2 MiB 200 MHz QDR US$133

The Pentium Dual-Core series, based on the Allendale core, will be released on June 3, 2007[30]. These CPUs will be dual core, have 800 MHz FSB and 1 MiB shared L2 cache (half that of other Allendale CPUs).

Pentium Dual-Core E2100 Series List Prices (per unit, for 1,000 units)
Model Clock Speed L2 Cache Quantity FSB Rating Price

June 3, 2007

Pentium E2140 1.6 GHz 1 MiB 200 MHz QDR US$74
Pentium E2160 1.8 GHz 1 MiB 200 MHz QDR US$84

Conroe-L

The Conroe-L is a low-cost single core CPU based on the Core 2 microarchitecture. These are expected to be released on June 3, 2007.[31] Like the Allendale core, the Conroe-L lacks VT-x support. The following processors are expected to become available[32]:

Celeron 400 Series List Prices At Debut (per unit, for 1,000 units)
Model Clock Speed L2 Cache Quantity FSB Rating Price
Celeron 430 1.8 GHz 512 KiB 200 MHz QDR US$49
Celeron 440 2.0 GHz 512 KiB 200 MHz QDR US$59

It had been rumored that there would be single-core Pentium E1000 series processors based on Conroe-L; however, it appears that any such plans have been scrapped.

Merom XE

Merom XE is a laptop CPU designed for ultra-high end laptops. It will be released in two models, the X7900 and the X7800. These will feature an 800 MHz FSB. The X7800 will be clocked at 2.6 GHz and will cost around $795. The X7900 will be clocked at 2.8 GHz, but its cost is unknown, but expect it to be more than 1000 dollars per CPU in packs of 1000.

Penryn

The successor to the Merom core currently used for the Core 2 Duo T5000/T7000 series mobile processors, code-named Penryn, will debut the 45 nanometer process that will also be used for the Conroe sequel, Wolfdale (see below). Many details about Penryn appeared at the April 2007 Intel Developer Forum. Its successor is expected to be Nehalem.

Important advances[33] include the addition of new instructions (including SSE4, also known as Penryn New Instructions) and new fabrication materials (most significantly a hafnium-based dielectric).

Penryn is intended to be paired with a new chipset, Bearlake[34], which will include an increase in bus speed (connection to the northbridge, etc.) for certain models to 1333 MT/s and will include support for DDR3 SDRAM; Intel believes [35] that DDR3 is particularly useful in the power- and heat-constrained environments within mobile equipment.

Penryn will also be released in a quad-core version for desktop replacement notebooks.

Wolfdale and Yorkfield

Wolfdale will be the desktop version of Penryn, with two cores sharing 6 MiB of L2 cache and 1333 MHz FSB. Two Wolfdale dies on a single module will make up a Yorkfield chip, the successor to the Kentsfield processor.[36]. Each die will share 6 MiB L2 cache, for a total of 12 MiB, and this chip will also have a 1333 MHz FSB. These processors are expected to become available in late 2007 or early 2008, and the platform will support DDR3. At the Intel Developer Forum 2007 a Yorkfield cpu was compared with a Kentsfield cpu. [37][38]

Demo Yorkfield spotted: Stock at 3.33GHz

Successors

Even further, the latest known codenames for future processors (perhaps based on a new post-Core microarchitecture) are Nehalem and Sandy Bridge, and little is known about either of them. It is speculated that Nehalem will be a 45 nm process debuting in 2008, followed by a 32 nm shrink codenamed Westmere, and Sandy Bridge will be 32 nm with its own new microarchitecture debuting in 2010, provided that Intel stays on target with its roadmap.[39] In 2011, Intel will launch its first processor based on a 22 nm process. Based on Intel's cycle alternating new architectures and die shrinks every two years, it is currently assumed that this will be a shrink of Sandy Bridge. [40]

System requirements

Motherboard compatibility

Conroe, Conroe XE and Allendale all use Socket LGA775; however, not every motherboard is compatible with these processors.

Supporting chipsets are:

See also: List of Intel chipsets

Although a motherboard may have the required chipset to support Conroe, some motherboards based on the above mentioned chipsets do not support Conroe. This is because all Conroe-based processors require a new power delivery feature set specified in Voltage Regulator-Down (VRD) 11.0 [1]. This requirement is a result of Conroe's significantly lower power consumption, compared to the Pentium 4/D CPUs it is replacing. A motherboard that has both a supporting chipset and VRD 11 supports Conroe processors, but even then some boards will need an updated BIOS to recognize Conroe's FID (Family ID) and VID (Voltage ID).

DDR2 memory modules

Unlike the previous Pentium 4 and Pentium D design, the Core 2 technology sees a greater benefit from memory running synchronously with the Front Side Bus (FSB). This means that for the Conroe CPUs with FSB of 1066 MT/s, the ideal memory speed is PC2-4200. In some configurations, using PC2-5300 can actually decrease performance. Only when going to PC2-6400 is there a significant performance increase. While expensive DDR2 memory models with tighter timings do improve performance, the difference in real world games and applications is negligible.[41]

On jobs requiring large amounts of memory access, the quad-core Core 2 processors can benefit significantly [42]from using PC2-8500 memory, which runs exactly twice as fast as the FSB; this is not an officially supported configuration, but a number of motherboards offer it.

The Core 2 processor does not require the use of DDR2. While the Intel 975X and P965 chipsets require this memory, some motherboards and chipsets support both the Core 2 and DDR memory. When using DDR memory, performance may be reduced because of the lower available memory bandwidth.

Pricing

The pricing for various models of Core 2, in lots of 1000 to OEMs, at the time the processors were released, can be found in the list of Intel Core 2 microprocessors. It should be noted that these prices are what it costs system builders such as Dell and HP to stock Core 2 processors. There are no set MSRPs for Core 2 CPUs in the retail channel — prices at retailers are usually very close to the aforementioned prices, but are dependent on what the supplier is charging to stock these CPUs as well as supply and demand.

Nomenclature and abbreviations

With the release of the new Core 2 processor, the abbreviation C2 has come into common use, as well variants C2D (the present Core 2 Duo), and C2Q, C2E to refer to the Core 2 Quad and Core 2 Extreme processors respectively. The C2QX stands for the Extreme-Edition of the Quad (QX6700).

See also

References

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  42. ^ "Benchmarks of four Prime95 processes on a quad-core". Mersenne Forum. Retrieved 2007-05-22.

News reports on the Core 2 product launch

Reviews

(See the full list of 50 reviews here)

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