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J. K. Rowling

CH OBE FRSL FRCPE
Rowling at the White House in 2010
Rowling at the White House in 2010
Born
Joanne Rowling

(1965-07-31) 31 July 1965 (age 60)
Yate, Gloucestershire, England
Pen name
  • J. K. Rowling
  • Robert Galbraith
Occupation
  • Author
  • philanthropist
Education
PeriodContemporary
Genres
Years active1997–present
Notable awardsFull list
Spouse
  • Jorge Arantes
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1992; div. 1995)​
  • Neil Murray
    ​
    (m. 2001)​
Children3
Signature
File:JKRowlingsignature.svg
Website
jkrowling.com

Joanne Rowling (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ⓘ ROH-ling; born 31 July 1965), known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is

Names and family

Names

Born Joanne Rowling,[1][2] Rowling has adopted multiple pen names.[3] Her first and most famous—J. K. Rowling—was a request from staff at Bloomsbury Publishing, who expected their target audience—young boys—would not read a book with a woman's name on the cover.[3] Rowling chose K as the second initial—from her paternal grandmother Kathleen—and because it was easy to pronounce the two consecutive letters.[4] Literary scholar Tison Pugh describes this as "a masculine (or at least androgynous) representation of herself".[3]

Robert Galbraith is a pseudonym adopted by Rowling for her murder-mystery series, Cormoran Strike.[3] Rowling said she derived the name from a childhood hero, Robert F. Kennedy (1925–1958), and a name she used as a child, Ella Galbraith.[5][b]

Following Rowling's 2001 remarriage,[7] she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.[8]

Family

Rowling's parents are Anne (née Volant) and Peter James Rowling,[9] having met on a train journey from King's Cross station.[9] Neither attended university.[10] As Rowling grew up, Peter was a production engineer in a factory, providing a reasonable income for the family.[11]

Life

Early life and education

Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965 in Yate, Gloucestershire,[12][c] to a middle-class family.[11] Her parents—Anne (née Volant) and Peter James Rowling—met the previous year on a train journey from King's Cross station.[9] Peter and Anne married in March 1965,[11][17] settling in Yate.[18] where Pete started work as an assembly-line production worker.[19] He eventually became management as a chartered engineer.[20] Neither of Rowling's parents attended university.[10] Rowling is two years older than her sister, Dianne.[11][21] When she was four, Rowling's family moved to Winterbourne, Gloucestershire,[17][22] and she attended St Michael's Church of England Primary School in Winterbourne.[11][d] Rowling's mother liked to read and the family's homes were filled with books.[25] Her father read The Wind in the Willows to his daughters,[26] while her mother introduced them to the animals in Richard Scarry's books.[27] Rowling's first attempt at writing, a story called "Rabbit" composed when she was six, was inspired by Scarry's creatures.[27]

When Rowling was about nine, the family purchased the historic Church Cottage in Tutshill.[28][e] In 1974, Rowling began attending the nearby Church of England School.[32] Although she grew up next door to her church,[33] accounts of the family's church attendance differ.[f] Biographer Sean Smith describes one teacher as harsh and frightening;[35][36] Rowling's teacher seated her in "dunces' row" after she performed poorly on an arithmetic test.[37][g] In 1975, Rowling joined a Brownies pack, with groups named after fantastic creatures like fairies and pixies.[40] At age eleven or twelve, Rowling wrote a short story called "The Seven Cursed Diamonds".[41][42]

Rowling has described her teenage years as unhappy.[30] When Rowling was 15,[43] her mother was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" of multiple sclerosis,[44] and domestic life was complicated by her mother's disease.[45][i] In 2020, Rowling said she had severe obsessive-compulsive disorder and that her father would have preferred a son.[51] She began smoking, took an interest in alternative rock,[44] and adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed hair and black eyeliner.[14] One of her closest friends, Sean Harris, owned a Ford Anglia, increasing the range of activities open to her.[52][j]

Living in a small town with pressures at home, Rowling became more interested in her schoolwork.[44] Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "quite good at English".[55] Rowling took A-levels in English, French, and German, achieving two As and a B, and was named head girl at Wyedean.[56] She applied to Oxford University in 1982 but was rejected.[11] Both biographers indicate this may have been related to her attendance in a state school.[57][58] At the University of Exeter, Rowling studied French and classics, partly because her parents thought bilingualism would improve her job prospects.[59] An average student at Exeter, biographers describe Rowling as prioritising her social life over her studies, and lacking ambition and enthusiasm.[60][61] Rowling recalls doing little work at university, preferring to read Dickens and Tolkien.[62] She earned a BA in French from Exeter,[63] graduating in 1987 after a year of study in Paris.[64]

Early jobs and mother's death

After university, Rowling moved to a flat in Clapham Junction with friends,[65] and took a course to become a bilingual secretary.[11] While she was working in temporary jobs in London, Amnesty International hired her to document human rights issues in French-speaking Africa.[66] She began writing adult novels while working temp roles, but they were never published.[67][68] In 1990, she planned to move with her boyfriend to Manchester,[69] and frequently took long train trips to visit.[41] In mid-1990, she was on a train delayed by four hours from Manchester to London,[70] when the characters Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger came plainly into her mind.[71] She had no pen or paper so ideated on the characters during the journey, then returned to her flat and began to write.[70]

Rowling moved to Manchester around November 1990.[72] She described her time in Manchester—where she worked for the Chamber of Commerce,[41] and at Manchester University in temp jobs[73]—as a "year of misery".[74] Her mother died of multiple sclerosis on 30 December 1990.[75] At the time, Rowling was writing Harry Potter;[76] her mother's death heavily affected her writing,[77] and she later noted the clear influence of death.[78] Her grief was worsened by the theft of items inherited from her mother.[72] With the end of the relationship with her boyfriend, and "being made redundant from an office job in Manchester",[79] Rowling moved to Porto, Portugal, in November 1991 to teach night classes in English as a foreign language,[80] writing during the day.[79]

First marriage and writing the first Harry Potter novel

Five months after arriving in Porto, Rowling met the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar; they shared an interest in Jane Austen.[81] The couple married on 16 October 1992.[82][k] Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes[l] was born in July 1993 in Portugal.[84][41] By this time, Rowling had completed the first three chapters of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone[m] – almost as they were eventually published – and had drafted the rest of the novel.[86]

The relationship was troubled;[82] Rowling experienced domestic abuse during her marriage.[87][88] In June 2020, Arantes said he had slapped her and did not regret it.[89] Rowling described the marriage as "short and catastrophic";[41] she said she was prohibited from having a house key and that her husband threatening her growing manuscript.[90] Rowling and Arantes separated on 17 November 1993 after Arantes threw her out of the house; she returned with the police to retrieve Jessica and her belongings and went into hiding for two weeks before leaving Portugal.[84][91] In late 1993, with a draft of the first novel in her suitcase,[92] Rowling and her daughter moved to Edinburgh, Scotland,[93] planning to stay with her sister until Christmas.[94][n] Arantes followed Rowling and Jessica to Scotland in March 1994;[84][98] Rowling was granted an order of restraint against Arantes and he returned to Portugal.[84][99]

Rowling applied for government benefits and received £69 (US$103) per week from Social Security. Not wishing to disturb her recently married sister, she moved to a mouse-ridden,[100] and has said she was as "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless",[92] and viewing herself as a failure.[101] Tison Pugh says Rowling experienced acute difficulties caused by poverty and the financial stress of raising her daughter.[41] Her marriage had failed and she was jobless with a dependent child; Rowling later said this freed her to focus on writing.[101] Her old school friend, Sean Harris, lent her £600 ($900), enabling her to move to a flat in Leith,[102] where she finished Philosopher's Stone.[102] Rowling was depressed in early 1994,[103] and sought medical help after contemplating suicide.[41][o] Her mental health gradually improved with therapy.[103] She filed for divorce on 10 August 1994;[105] it was finalised on 26 June 1995.[106]

Rowling wanted to finish the book before enrolling on a teacher training course, fearing she might not be able to finish it after she began.[94] She often wrote in cafés,[107] including Nicolson's, part-owned by her brother-in-law.[108] Secretarial work earned Rowling only £15 ($22.50) per week, but she would lose government benefits if she earned more.[109] In mid-1995, a friend gave her money, allowing her to come off benefits and enrol full-time in college.[110] After completing the novel,[111] she began a teacher training course in August 1995 at Moray House School of Education,[112][a] receiving her teaching certificate in July 1996,[1] and taught at Leith Academy.[113] She began attending a Church of Scotland congregation, around when her first daughter Jessica was christened.[114]

Second marriage, philanthropy, and political activity

On 26 June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 5,650 copies.[115][p] Prior to the publication of the sequel, Chamber of Secrets (1998), Rowling had accrued £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.[117] Scholastic bought the US rights for $105,000,[118] and Rowling purchased a flat in Edinburgh with the money.[119] By the third book's publication in 1999, the series had risen to widespread prominence,[120] and Rowling was a millionaire by the end of the year, earning approximately 15–20% of the book's retail price as royalties.[121] The fourth book was published in 2000.[120] The delay for the fifth novel produced rumours that Rowling was suffering from writer's block.[122] Across the late 1990s and 2000s, Rowling has served as a plaintiff and defendant in legal disputes over the Harry Potter series.[123] Rowling bought Killiechassie House and the estate in Perthshire, Scotland,[124] and married Neil Murray in December 2001, officiated by an Episcopalian priest.[7] Murray is a doctor.[7] The couple have a son and daughter—David Gordon Rowling Murray, born in 2003,[125] and Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, born in 2005.[126]

She does not believe in magic or witchcraft.[127][128]

Rowling's platform and wealth led to a significant philanthropic contributions in this period.[129] Several pursuits have been related to her mother. Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust in 2000, supporting vulnerable families. Following her donations to the University of Edinburgh's Centre for Regenerative Medicine, the service was renamed as the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic[130]—it is a care and research facility for neurological conditions.[131] She was appointed an ambassador and president of Gingerbread, a single-parent family charity. Lumos, previously the Children's High Level Group, was founded by Rowling in 2005 and she serves as "Life President"—the charity aims to eliminate the mistreatment of children in orphanages.[q] Rowling has authored opinion pieces about this cause.[129]

  • Some charity material still needs added here and in below subheading

Rowling endorsed Gordon Brown to become the British Prime Minister in 2007.[27][r] Rowling donated £1 million pounds to the Brown's Labour Party in 2008 while the party was experiencing financial challenges. Rowling praised the party's stance on child poverty and criticised the rival Conservative Party's incentives for dual-income families over single mothers.[136][undue weight? – discuss] Rowling was a close friend of Labour prime minister Gordon Brown's wife, Sarah Jane;[136] The Guardian reported the two were frequently "often seen, with their children" in an Edinburgh restaurant. Rowling and Sarah Jane had previously collaborated on a book for charity.[137] In 2010, Rowling criticised British prime minister David Cameron's plan to offer married couples annual tax credits, believing his party were discriminating against single parents.[138] Ahead of the 2008 United States presidential election, she described the primary contenders—Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama—as "extraordinary".[78]

Rowling has frequently fought to prevent her family's privacy from the press and paparazzi.[139] As of 2011, she had taken more than 50 actions against the press.[140][s] Rowling was a key participant in the Leveson Inquiry,[139] a 2011 public investigation into press practices and culture. Rowling gave testimony that the press had attempted to contact her by placing a note into her 5-year-old daughter's schoolbag, and located her by impersonating a tax official to extract information from Neil Murray.[144]

Rowling has denounced populist and nationalist politics.[27] She opposed Scottish independence ahead of the 2014 Scottish independence referendum,[135] penning an article for The Daily Telegraph to express concern over medical research and saying that the cause's proponents underestimated the risk involved.[145][undue weight? – discuss] She donated £1mil to the anti-independence Better Together campaign around 100 days before the referendum.[146] She campaigned for the UK to stay in the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. She defined herself as an internationalist, "the mongrel product of this European continent",[27] and expressed concern that "racists and bigots" were directing parts of the Leave campaign.[147] Rowling also signed an open letter in The Guardian in 2015, opposing a cultural boycott of Israel.[148] Her position—inspired by Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish[149]—was that she did not think depriving Israel of a shared culture would dislodge Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, whom she "deplored".[150]

Gender identity, politics, and social media

Rowling is particularly outspoken on social media, with her main feed being Twitter; as of 2022, Rowling had over 14 million followers on the platform.[151] Rowling's political opinions have generated significant controversy.[135][152] Rowling has received intense online abuse as a result of her commentary,[t] and a death threat reported by BBC News.[155]

  • Middle-aged moment, early tweets

In March 2019, Rowling posted several tweets expressing support for Maya Forstater—Forstater's employer did not renew her employment contract after she questioned UK government over allowing gender self-identification.[135][u] The tweet provoked widespread commentary; according to Harry Potter scholar Lana A. Whited, Rowling "fanned the flames as she became increasing vocal and, in a few cases, flippant about gender identity".[160] On 6 June 2020, Rowling mocked the phrase people who menstruate in response to a piece using the phrase,[161][160] tweeting that women's rights and "lived reality" would be "erased" if "sex isn't real".[162][135] Four days later, Rowling published an essay—"J. K. Rowling Writes about her Reasons for Speaking out on Sex and Gender Issues"—on her website.[163] According to The Guardian's Caroline Davies: "[Rowling outlined] her concerns over "the new trans activisim". She described herself as a 'domestic abuse and sexual assault survivor' who had been 'triggered' by learning the Scottish goverment was "proceeding with its controversial gender recognition plans".[163]

  • Domestic abuse
  • Due weight response

Rowling has opposed proposed gender self-recognition law reforms[v] in the UK that would make it easier for trans people to change their legal gender.[156][168] She provided £70,000 to the trans-exclusionary advocacy group For Women Scotland in the UK Supreme Court case For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers.[169][w] Following the strengthening of a hate crime law in Scotland in April 2024, The Guardian reported that Rowling had a list of "sex offenders who had described themselves as transgender alongside well-known trans women activists" to Twitter—Rowling described them as “men, every last one of them" and challenged the police to arrest her; the police force said her comments did not constitute a hate crime.[171]

  • Keir Starmer; Nicola Sturgeon; Ash Regan
  • We cover Beira's Place in here (currently located in) #Philanthropy, placing it in context of what else was going on
  • We cover her opinion on politicians as related to her views on trans issues -- e.g., her disputes with Nicola Sturgeon and dislike of Starmer; support for Ash Regan;
    • In June 2024, she wrote that she had a "poor opinion" of Keir Starmer and that it would be hard for her to vote for Labour due to their position on transgender rights, which she claims comes at the expense of women.[172]
  • She has donated several hundred thousand pounds to help women lawyers flee from the Taliban's control, helping hundreds of Afghans escape.[173]

Work

Harry Potter

The initial draft of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone included an illustration of Harry by a fireplace, showing the lightning-shaped scar on his forehead.[174] Junior employees at the Christopher Little Literary Agency received authorisation from Chris Little to request the full manuscript and, liking it, provided an endorsement. Rowling did not have a computer and had to retype the entire manuscript to make suggested changes.[175][x] Several publishers rejected the manuscript, including Penguin Books.[175] The novel was purchased by Barry Cunningham, who ran Bloomsbury Publishing's children's literature section, purchased it.[175] According to media reports, Bloomsbury chair Nigel Newton gave the first chapter to his pre-teen daughter, who wanted to keep reading.[41][177] Rowling's share of the sale was £1275,[175] and—prior to publication—the Scottish Arts Council provided £8000 to Rowling as a writer's grant.[41] Upon publication the first novel won several major prizes, including the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize and British Children's Book of the Year; literary scholar Tison Pugh says these awards probably contributed to the series success.[96]

The novel's two sequels—Chamber of Secrets (1998) and Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)—also won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize; Prisoner of Azkaban won the Whitbread Children's Book Award.[96]

  • "Publishing Harry Potter"
  • Legal disputes over the series

Later Harry Potter works and the Wizarding World

In a legal case concerning a third party's production of a Harry Potter lexicon, Rowling mentioned her intentions to publish a Harry Potter encyclopaedia.[178] Launched in July 2011 and globally available in April 2012,[179] Pottermore (later renamed "Wizarding World Digital") was an online project closely associated with Rowling; she framed it as an "online reading experience" for fans where Rowling would "join in".[179] In September 2014, the website was redesigned as a repository for Harry Potter in-universe information, described by Cassie Brummit as fulfilling Rowling's pledge for an encyclopaedia.[180] Rowling writes material for the site, like stories told in a pseudo-historical tone from an in-universe perspective, or entries with worldbuilding information about, according to scholar Kathryn McDaniel, "everything from characters' love lives to the arcane workings of magical plumbing".[181] Brummitt writes that Pottermore marked an increasingly multimedia approach for the Harry Potter franchise, utilising Rowling's pedigree as both "author (and authority)".[182]

Two small supporting texts written by Rowling were published in 2001, with profits donated to the British charity Comic Relief—Quidditch Through the Ages and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.[183][y] As of 2016, both books had raised over £20mil for Comic Relief.[185] According to Brummitt, the books marked the "beginning of a world-building initiative" for Harry Potter and contributed to "discourses that position Rowling as a benevolent philanthropist".[186] In 2013, Warner Bros. announced it would produce a series of films based on the latter.[183] Temporarily considered as a possible trilogy, Rowling became "pretty sure" it would comprise five films after planning the narrative.[187] The first entry, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), was Rowling's debut outing as a screenwriter; she also served as its producer.[188][z] Rowling's screenplay was published as a physical copy and contained a letter from the author.[185] Rowling had completed the sequel's screenplay by June 2016,[citation needed] and posted a long statement on her website in late 2017 defending Johnny Depp's casting.[191] Rowling's script for Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018) received more negative assessments than her previous work, but still attracted some praise.[192][aa] Rowling shared script credit with Steve Kloves for the third film, The Secrets of Dumbledore (2022), with the announcement described by CNBC as "unsurprising".[196] Reception for Secrets of Dumbledore was more positive overall.[192]

Rowling has provided additional information on the world of Harry Potter via social media.

Cursed Child

Sources might include:

  • Brummitt, Cassie (2025). "J. K. Rowling: From Author to Authority". From Harry Potter to the Wizarding World: The Transfiguration of a Franchise. Edinburgh University Press – via De Gruyter.
  • Jenkins, Henry (24 June 2011). "Three Reasons Why Pottermore Matters". Pop Junctions.

The Casual Vacancy

  • New material probably required

Robert Galbraith

  • Incorporates from "Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith"

Other children's fiction

  • Includes content from & "Children's stories"

Style

Material at User:ImaginesTigers/sandbox4#Style

Genre

Material at User:ImaginesTigers/sandbox4#Genre

  • Fantasy / children's literature / Bildungsroman
  • detective fiction
  • whatever TCV is!

Reception

The below seems like a better structure, although the HP section will no doubt be the largest. This is why summary style is so important

  • Retain overall shape (commercial; critical) but add academic? Cover changing response of fandom/scholars given recent controversies/death of the author approach/etc

Harry Potter and later works

The Harry Potter series topped bestseller lists.[197] As of 2023, translations of the series existed 84 languages.[198] The first three novels occupied the top spots of The New York Times bestseller list for more than a year until they were moved to a newly created children's list.[199] The final four books each set records as the fastest-selling books in the UK or US,[ab] and the series as a whole had sold more than 600 million copies as of 2023.[198] Harry Potter's popularity has been attributed to factors including the nostalgia evoked by the boarding-school story, the endearing nature of Rowling's characters, and the accessibility of her books to a variety of readers.[203][204] According to Julia Eccleshare, the books are "neither too literary nor too popular, too difficult nor too easy, neither too young nor too old", and hence bridge traditional reading divides.[205]

  • Probably useful: "A recent challenge in the world of Potter Studies is how (and whether) to respond to Rowling's controversial statements about trans people, which began in June 2020 and have continued. [...] You will, however, find that in the essays below that some scholars have adjusted their analytical perspectives to consider Rowling's world in the light of her statements: both in subtle ways and through direct critique. [...] Others have assumed a "death of the author" approach, intentionally focusing on the text itself as opposed to the author's intentions or influences. Still others engage little with the controversy as they focus on issues unrelated to the source of the fandom controversy."
  • in McDaniel, Kathryn M.; Strand, Emily, eds. (2023). "Introduction". Potterversity: Essays Exploring the World of Harry Potter. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1476690537.
  • "Rowling and her Harry Potter novels have received extensive criticism from some adults, particularly fundamental Christians fearful for their effects on young minds". Jacqui Komschlies memorably compared the pleasures of the Harry Potter novels to orange soda mixed with rat poison, declaring that Rowling's books are "taking something deadly from our world and turning it into what some are calling 'merely a literary device'. Regardless of how magic is portrayed in the series, we need to remember that witchcraft can and does lead to death—the forever and ever kind"[206] (I include this here because it's funny)

Sources as we go:

Adult fiction

The Casual Vacancy was still a bestseller in the UK within weeks of its release.[207]

Strike novels

Children's fiction

Literary criticism

This is where we translocate a lot of the material currently in #Reception (e.g., #Gender and social division).

Social

Lots of potential topics here as scholarship is voluminous. Race and racism; gender; house elves.

Political

  • "It would, of course, be an exaggeration to say art imitates life in Rowling's fictions, but one can note certain correspondences between her politics and her literary themes".[208]

Religious

Rowling identifies as a Christian.[127] In a 2012 interview, she said she belonged to the Scottish Episcopal Church.[209] Rowling has stated that she believes in God,[128] but has experienced doubt,[210] and that her struggles with faith play a part in her books.[78]

Legacy

  • Includes content from "Legacy"

Public image

General stuff

Early media representations of Rowling depicted her trajectory as a rags to riches narrative,[96] particularly driven by the books and films' success.[96] Brummitt described this tale as "foundation myth".[211] Rowling has rejected the narrative, pointing to her middle-class background, her degree in French and classics, and that she was working as a teacher following publication to escape poverty.[96] Early media reports widely mentioned her failed marriage,[212][117] and reliance on government benefits; many publications largely reproduced the same quotation from her to support the narrative.[212][ac] Pugh describes this "fairy tale" as desirable for media narratives, but describes them as largely outdated.[96]

Rowling's public image became "inextricable" from Harry Potter.[214] For example, a prominent narrative around the series was that it, and therefore Rowling, "saved" children's literature.[214] One prominent negative narrative—various religious protests against the series—may have increased her fame further.[215]

Rowling has tried to influence the type of coverage she receives in the media,[216] describing herself as "too thin-skinned" in 2003.[217]

Saradindu Bhattancharya writes that Rowling has maintained her public profile by "exercising her authorial agency over the generation of popular knowledge about Harry Potter".[218]

Brummitt argues that Rowling's initial role as a novelist has changed into "multimedia brand manager".[219] r

  • The intro of Harry Potter and the Other: "In response to social media discourses and demands, starting with 2007's declaration that the Hogwarts headmaster, Albus Dumbledore, was gay, Rowling began making postcanon remarks in interviews that diversified characters at the center of the narrative. After reading interpretations of Hermione Granger as Black gained social media momentum during the mid-2010s, Rowling sanctioned Black girls' reading of canon, tweeting, "Canon: brown eyes, frizzy hair and very clever. White skin was never specified. Rowling loves black Hermione." At the time, this was applauded and ver much in keeping of the Potter franchise's multicultural (some would say neoliberal) view of cultural inclusion in fantastic storytelling." (pp. 6–7)
  • Dedicated content on Black Hermione - Elizabeth-Thomas, Ebony (2022). "Hermione is Black: Harry Potter and the Crisis of Infinite Dark Fantastic Worlds". In Dahlen, Sarah Park; Elizabeth-Thomas, Ebony (eds.). Harry Potter and the Other: Race, Justice and Difference in Harry Potter'. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-4057-8.

In 2004, Forbes named Rowling "the first billion-dollar author".[220] Rowling denied that she was a billionaire in a 2005 interview.[221] By 2012, Forbes concluded she was no longer a billionaire due to her charitable donations and high UK taxes, but it re-added her to its list of billionaires in 2025.[222] She was named the world's highest paid author by Forbes in 2008,[223] 2017[224] and 2019.[225] Her UK sales total in excess of £238 million, which made her the best-selling living author in Britain,[226] until 2025 when she was supplanted by Julia Donaldson.[227]

Transgender people

Rowling's affirmation of Maya Forstater's legal case produced heated commentary on Twitter, generating more coverage within the platform than an ongoing hearing into the first impeachment of Donald Trump.[151] Harry Potter scholar Lana A. Whited described Rowling's Twitter posts as surprising because they were "inconsistent with [her] previous statements of support for the transgender community".[156][ad]

Following Rowling's June 2020 essay, reactions broadened beyond social media and news reporting.[151] Daniel Radcliffe was the first Harry Potter actor to respond,[228] issuing a statement of support for trans readers through LGBT support service The Trevor Project.[229][ae] Other Harry Potter actors have condemned the online abuse Rowling has received, including Ralph Fiennes,[232] and Helena Bonham Carter, who expressed support for Rowling's position.[233] Another Potter film alumni, Miriam Margolyes, said Rowling was "wrong about some things", also condemned the abuse.[234] Harry Potter fan groups MuggleNet and the Leaky Cauldron issued a joint statement condemning Rowling.[235] The LGBT advocacy group Human Rights Campaign said Rowling was "trafficking in harmful lies at a time when the trans community is facing unspeakable violence".[236] In response to Rowling's comments, declarations of support for transgender people were issued from various cultural sectors, including the fields of literature,[237] music,[238] theme parks, and video gaming.[239]

Various labels have been applied to Rowling following her June 2020 essay.[af] Several political scientists characterised Rowling as an "outspoken opponent of [a] growing dismissal of biological sex" in 2022.[240] In her 2024 book, gender-studies philosopher Judith Butler labelled Rowling a "trans-exclusionary feminist".[153] In the same year, philosopher Holly Lawford-Smith labelled Rowling a "gender-critical feminist" in her book on the movement.[241] Harry Potter scholar Keridiana Chez says "Rowling's trans-exclusionary politics became undeniable" following publication of her essay.[242] Brummitt describes Rowling's essay as "[presenting] an argument against the rights of trans women to identify as women, much of which is familiar from and oft-repeated within trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminist discourse".[243] Cecilia Konchar Farr describes the essay as "(beautifully written) bigotry" in the introduction to Open at the Close (2022).[244] The editors of Harry Potter and the Other characterise Rowling's comments as "transphobic".[245]

According to Whited, Rowling's relationship with fans had been "largely positive but took a startling turn" after her declaration of support for Forstarter.[160] She attributes Rowling's essay to causing a "fall from near-universal approval", permanently impacting the relationship of "fans, readers, and scholars" to both Rowling and the Harry Potter books.[246] In 2024, Variety's Adam Vary said Rowling had "made her campaign against trans identity the central focus of her online persona".[247] The Guardian's Caroline Davies said Rowling "evolved from celebrate laureate of children's literature to a figurehead for gender-critical campaigners".[248] According to Davies, Rowling's opponents are "highly vocal in accusing her of transphobia, and of using provactive language"; they also questions her assertions on detransitioning. Rowling's supporters, meanwhile, "admire her doggedness, her clear-sightedness as an uncompromising feminist", viewing her as strategic.[248]

Awards and honours

Bibliography

Notes and refeferences

Notes

  1. ^ a b Moray House was then part of Heriot-Watt University and later became part of the University of Edinburgh.[112]
  2. ^ Rowling denied that the pseudonym was related to Robert Galbraith Heath, a 20th-century psychiatrist associated with conversion therapy.[6]
  3. ^ Sources differ on the precise name of Rowling's place of birth. As of July 2024, Rowling's personal website said she was born at "Yate General Hospital near Bristol".[12] She has sometimes said she was born in Chipping Sodbury, which is near Yate.[13] Tison Pugh says she was born in Chipping Sodbury General Hospital.[11] The Scotsman lists Cottage Hospital in Chipping Sodbury.[14] Biographer Smith describes Chipping Sodbury as "Yate's elegant neighbor", and reproduces a birth certificate that says District Sodbury, but lists the hospital as Cottage Hospital, 240 Station Road, Yate.[15] According to Smith: "... the [BBC Television] documentary still erroneously claimed that Joanne was born in Chipping Sodbury. Yet despite the mistake, the good folk of Yate are pressing for some kind of plaque or feature in their town to record it as her place of birth."[16]
  4. ^ St Michael's Primary School headmaster, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore;[23] biographer Smith writes that Rowling's father, and other figures in her education, provide more likely examples.[24]
  5. ^ Smith describes Tutshill as "staunchly middle class",[29] and Parker describes Church Cottage as a "handsome Gothic Revival cottage".[30] In 2020, it was reported that a company listing Rowling's husband, Neil Murray, as director had purchased Church Cottage and renovations were underway.[31]
  6. ^ Smith writes that the Rowling sisters "never attended Sunday school or services",[34] and Parker writes that the other Rowling family members were not regular churchgoers, but that "Rowling regularly attended services in the church next door".[30]
  7. ^ Pugh writes that "Rowling reportedly modeled the strict pedagogical style of Severus Snape after [Sylvia] Morgan's methods."[11] Kirk states that "Jo has admitted modeling Professor Snape on a few of her most memorable and least favorite people from her past, and she has said that Mrs. Morgan ... was definitely one of them."[38] According to Smith, "Aspects of Mrs Morgan's fearsome character are embodied in the Hogwarts' Potions master, Professor Severus Snape."[39]
  8. ^ Smith compares the place meals held in the Rowling household[47] and the descriptions of food in The Little White Horse to the elaborate food prepared for Hogwarts pupils.[48]
  9. ^ Her mother had a strong influence on Rowling.[11] A creative person and accomplished cook,[46][h] she assisted with her daughters' girl-scout activities,[49] and took a job in the chemistry department at Wyedean while her daughters attended.[50]
  10. ^ Rowling later described Harris as her "getaway driver and foul weather friend"; his Anglia inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.[53][54]
  11. ^ Pugh writes, "In a droll allusion to this ill-fated union, Professor Trelawney warns Lavender Brown, 'Incidentally, that thing you are dreading – it will happen on Friday the sixteenth of October'."[41]
  12. ^ Rowling says that Jessica was named after Jessica Mitford and a boy would have been named Harry; according to Smith (2002), Arantes says that Jessica was named after Jezebel from the Bible.[83]
  13. ^ Other sources suggest Rowling rewrote the first chapter over ten times.[85]
  14. ^ Rowling did not stay with her father,[95] and has said there was an estrangement;[92][96] Pete had married his secretary within two years of Anne's death,[97] which The Scotsman reported caused problems between .[84]
  15. ^ The depression inspired the Dementors – soul-sucking creatures introduced in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.[104]
  16. ^ According to Errington, 500 hardbacks and 5,150 paperbacks "were published on the same date and neither has bibliographical priority". It was previously believed that the initial print run was 500 copies total, but this number is "woefully inaccurate".[116]
  17. ^ Rowling has forwarded royalties from some of her works to the charity—for example, The Tales of Beedle the Bard (2007),[132] Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, and Quidditch Through the Ages. The charity had enabled over 17,000 children to leave state-run orphanages as of 2016,[133] and supported over 280,000 children in orphanages in Romania, Haiti, Colombia and Ukraine.[134]
  18. ^ Rowling described Brown as "affable, funny and gregarious, a great listener, a kind and loyal friend".[135]
  19. ^ Rowling dislikes the British tabloid the Daily Mail,[141] suing them for libel about her time as a single mother in 2014.[142] She sued the Sunday Express and a photography agency for publishing photographs of her son.[143]
  20. ^ Feminist scholar Judith Butler condemned the treatment of Rowling as making discourse more challenging but said Rowling contributed to the difficultes by "denying the existence of people who have had quite a hard time gaining social recognition, legal protection from discrimination, and adequate and affirming health care".[153] Political philosopher Holly Lawford-Smith offered three explanations: the first was that these positions on trans issues have "been associated with 'exclusion' in a way that links it to the previous failures of feminism"; the second was that the philosophical differences between Rowling and her critics was so irreconcilable that anger was likely; and the third was that vilifying Rowling was "politically propagandistic, a manoeuvre by lobbyists for the sex industry and activists for gender identity to demonize their opponents [and alienate] potential supporters [for] political gains".[154]
  21. ^ Judge James Tayler ruled against Forstater's claim in 2019: "it is a core component of [Forstater's] belief that she will refer to a person by the sex she considered appropriate even if it violates their dignity and/or creates an intimidating, hostile, degrading, or offensive environment. The approach is not worthy of respect in a democratic society."[156] In June 2021, an appeals court overturned Tayler's ruling, concluding that Forstater's views were protected under the Equality Act 2010. The judgement said: “Just as the legal recognition of civil partnerships does not negate the right of a person to believe that marriage should only apply to heterosexual couples, becoming the acquired gender ‘for all purposes’ within the meaning of GRA does not negate a person’s right to believe, like the claimant, that as a matter of biology a trans person is still their natal sex. Both beliefs may well be profoundly offensive and even distressing to many others, but they are beliefs that are and must be tolerated in a pluralist society.” [157][158] In July 2022, a new tribunal decision was published (Forstater v Center for Global Development Europe) ruling that Forstater had suffered direct discrimination from her employer.[159]
  22. ^ The laws and proposed changes are the UK Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the Scotland Gender Recognition Reform Bill; related also are the UK Equality Act 2010[164][165][166] and the Scotland Gender Representation on Public Boards Act of 2018.[167]
  23. ^ Following the ruling, Rowling posted an image of herself on smoking a cigar and holding a cocktail. Her commentary read: "I love it when a plan comes together" and "To those celebrating the fact that I'm smoking a blunt: it's a cigar. Even if it decided to identify as a blunt for the purposes of this celebration, it would remain objectively, provably and demonstrably a cigar."[170]
  24. ^ These changes included clearer character development for Neville Longbottom and articulating the rules of Rowling's fictional sport "quidditch" to appeal to young boys.[176]
  25. ^ Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was a fictional textbook on the creatures from Rowling's worlds; it featured a foreword marginal notes from Rowling's characters.[184]
  26. ^ According to its director, David Yates, Rowling was "very happy" following a screening of an unfinished cut, but had some feedback.[189] The first film was set 70 years before the events of Harry Potter.[190]
  27. ^ Rolling Stone's Peter Travers said the film's complex narrative and reliance on exposition may be alienated by "the complex backstory and exposition-heavy structure".[193] Glen Weldon of NPR described the world-building as tedious,[194] but The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw, meanwhile, praised Rowling's "fertile" imagination.[195]
  28. ^ Attributed to multiple sources – Goblet of Fire,[200] Order of the Phoenix,[201] Half-Blood Prince, and Deathly Hallows[202]
  29. ^ Rowling: "I was very depressed and having a newborn child made it doubly [...] the little money I had went on baby gear and all I could afford on housing benefit was a freezing, terribly grotty litle flat. I simply felt like a non-person, I was very low, and I had to achieve something."[213]
  30. ^ Whited expands: "For example, she has said that transgender individuals "need and deserve protection" and "pose zero threat to others" and has voiced support for every trans person's rights to live in any way that feels authentic and comfortable to them".[156]
  31. ^ Radcliffe's co-stars Emma Watson and Rupert Grint also expressed support for transgender people.[230] After Rowling was asked whether she might reconcile with Radcliffe and Watson, Rowling stated a reconciliation was unlikely, describing "celebs who cosied up to a movement intent on eroding women’s hard-won rights and who used their platforms to cheer on the transitioning of minors".[231]
  32. ^ Whited says the 2020 website post "led some people to label her a trans-exclusionary radical feminist [...] a term that has evolved more recently as gender critical".[156]

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Works cited

Books

Journal articles

Non-English news articles

  • "J.K. Rowling, creadora de Harry Potter, Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia" [J.K. Rowling, creator of Harry Potter, Concord Prince of Asturias]. El País (in Spanish). 10 September 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2022. La escritora británica J.K. Rowling ... ha obtenido este año el premio Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia ... La Fundación Príncipe de Asturias ha destacado su labor para que los niños lean y ha alabado su literatura como 'vínculo entre continentes y generaciones'. El acta del jurado ... destaca además que sus libros promueven 'la imaginación como fuente de libertad al servicio del bien y la cooperación y la solidaridad entre las personas'. [British writer J.K. Rowling ... has won this year's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord ... The Prince of Asturias Foundation has highlighted her work towards children's reading and has praised her literature as 'a link between continents and generations'. The jury's record ... also highlights that her books promote 'imagination as a source of freedom at the service of good and cooperation and solidarity between people'.]
  • Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.]
  • Marsick, Laurent (3 February 2023). Abelard, Agathe (ed.). "'Harry Potter': comment J.K. Rowling est-elle passée de l'ombre à la lumière?" ['Harry Potter': how did J.K. Rowling go from the shadows to the light?] (in French). RTL. Retrieved 15 February 2023. Traduits en 84 langues, les 7 romans d'Harry Potter se sont écoulés à plus de 600 millions d'exemplaires dans le monde. [Translated into 84 languages, the 7 Harry Potter novels have sold more than 600 million copies worldwide.]
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