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Professor Ewart Mark Haacke, PhD

Professor Ewart Mark Haacke is a distinguished academic in the fields of Radiology, Neurology, and Biomedical Engineering at Wayne State University. His career has significantly impacted the development and application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), particularly in neurovascular diseases and advanced imaging techniques.

Early Life and Education

Professor Haacke graduated with a degree in high energy physics from the University of Toronto in 1978. He then pursued a post-doctoral fellowship in the high energy physics department at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) with Professors Les Foldy and Bob Brown until 1981. One day prior to his leaving CWRU, Prof. Emeritus Robert S. Shankland donated his vast physics library to an auction at the university. Haacke bought one of these books for $1.00, a dollar that would transform his future career. The book was by Raymond Andrew, the first on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) prior to the discovery of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield.

After his post-doc ended, he moved to Pittsburgh for a two-year stint as a geophysicist with Gulf Research and Development Company from 1981-1983. While there, he worked on several interesting projects; one of them was a pioneering concept of imaging trapped gas far below the surface of the earth using P and S waves. These two waves are longitudinal and transverse seismic waves and travel at different speeds. So, you can use that differential to do imaging. There was a very interesting work published, he thinks in Scientific American back about that time, on crabs navigation systems deep in the ocean. These crabs basically can't see. The question was how can they possibly capture their prey if they can't see? It turns out that they have two sets of hairs on their claws that can detect the P and S waves emitted by any animal moving in the ocean. If the animal is close enough, they can detect the time difference between the two waves and know the distance and direction to their prey. The elegance of nature’s own imaging systems using P and S waves always fascinated him.

Transition to MRI and Early Innovations

In 1983, Professor Haacke joined Picker International in Cleveland. He worked with notable individuals like John Patrick, Gordon Demeester, and Neil Holland, who was involved in the first MRI papers. At Picker, the focus was on developing superconducting 0.5T MRI systems, moving beyond the earlier 0.15T resistive systems. During this time, computing technology was significantly limited, with a 20 Megabyte hard disk costing approximately $2000. Initial MRI scanners had low gradient strengths of 6 mT/m, which increased to 10 mT/m by the mid-1980s. Despite these limitations, Professor Haacke and his students achieved remarkable feats, such as imaging the vessel wall of an aorta with a resolution of roughly 80 microns in about four hours overnight using a spin echo sequence. The results matched ultrasound impedance profiles very well. He also performed 1mm isotropic 3D imaging of the brain in 1985. He advises young students and faculty to "think outside the box to discover what is really possible".

A significant turning point came when Dr. Ralph Alfidi, Chairman of Radiology at University Hospitals, observed Professor Haacke's fast imaging work and invited him to rejoin CWRU. This initiated a 40-year collaboration with Siemens, as Dr. Alfidi purchased Siemens equipment. Before leaving Picker, Professor Haacke had already secured 6 or 7 patents, attributing his productivity to the open field of discovery at that time, stating it was "a lot of fun and a very dynamic time". He realized he had "fallen in love with MRI, and that was probably what I was going to work on the rest of my life".

First MRI Conference and Radial Sampling Discussions

Professor Haacke attended his first MRI meeting in 1984, the second annual SMRI at the Grenelefe resort in Orlando. The event, despite an unexpected snowstorm, included about 100 attendees, among them AV Lakshminarayanan (Lak), David Kramer, and Bill Moore. David Kramer from Technicare posed a thought-provoking question about the potential comeback of radial sampling in MRI, which Haacke noted has unique applications and the ability to achieve any field of view by adjusting the readout sampling period. Haacke continues to believe radial sampling will one day become the predominant method for acquiring MR data.

His early focus was on fast imaging using Hybrid EPI and developing short TR imaging. He conducted extensive historical research on fast imaging for patent litigation, discovering earlier work on steady-state free precession (SSFP) from the late 1970s or early 1980s, noting the prescience of Bloch and Purcell's early papers.

Breakthroughs in MRI Techniques

Professor Haacke's early work also encompassed water/fat imaging, culminating in a 1986 review that included the three-point Dixon method. A significant breakthrough leading to MR angiography involved developing a method to remove ghosting artifacts in resistive systems caused by temporal variations in the magnetic field due to power supply fluctuations. Although superconducting systems soon replaced resistive ones, this experience provided crucial insights into eliminating phase variations, leading to the concept of flow compensation gradients and the ability to perform MR angiography (MRA). He presented the first images of the pulmonary vasculature using flow compensation gradients with a spin echo sequence at the RSNA in 1986, marking a major breakthrough.

This led to a collaboration with James Potchen, resulting in the first book on MRA published around 1989. In 1987, Professor Haacke ran his first workshop on fast imaging in MRI, attended by Peter Mansfield and other prominent figures. This workshop was a great success and led to an entire issue on fast imaging in the journal MRI.

Leadership in MRI Societies

Professor Haacke's involvement with MRI societies began in 1987 at the 5th SMRI in San Antonio. He approached Gary Fullerton, who was planning the next year's meeting, and was invited to participate in the planning session. By 1989, he was elected President-Elect of the SMRI, becoming the President in 1990 in Washington, D.C..

A key initiative during his presidency was the merger of the SMRI with the SMRM. He ran on a platform of better education and this merger in 1989. In 1990, he discussed the merger with Herb Kressel, then President of SMRM, who was very supportive. In 1991, the two societies formed a joint Merger Committee, and Professor Haacke became the first President of the new Society (SMR) in 1993, with Herb Kressel as the first pro-tempore President.

Mentorship and Publications

Professor Haacke has been a dedicated educator and mentor, training close to 150 students, including high school, medical, master's, PhD students, and residents, and mentoring many young faculty members. Many of his early PhD students, such as Zhi-Pei Liang, Gerald Lenz, Labros Petropoulos, Ramesh Venkatesan, and Jean Tkach, have gone on to head their own MRI centers. His early post-docs include Debiao Li and Dmitriy Yablonskiy.

His commitment to education culminated in co-authoring the influential book "MRI: Physical Principles and Sequence Design," often referred to by students as "The Green Bible of MRI". The book, a seven-year undertaking involving four authors, including Bob Brown, Ramesh Venkatesan, and Michael Thompson, emphasizes fundamental principles without skipping steps. The book has also been translated into Chinese.

Research Contributions and Awards

Professor Haacke's research has spanned various areas, including fast imaging (EPI and GRE), water/fat separation, MR angiographic imaging, and super-resolution image reconstruction. He has focused on diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.

He received funding from the Whittaker Foundation, which eventually led to the introduction of the R21 awards. A paper he co-authored on RF penetration, initially rarely cited, later became a landmark paper in electric tissue properties, leading to an invitation for him to give an opening talk at a workshop in Korea.

His pioneering work on constrained reconstruction with Zhi-Pei Liang led to a paper that won the Sylvia Sorkin Greenfield Award in 1989 for the best paper in Medical Physics. This concept was a precursor to compressed sensing and showed that in constrained reconstruction, SNR can be gained as data collection continues.

Professor Haacke has published more than 500 papers, patents, and other documents, resulting in an h-index of 105 and over 50,000 citations. A recent Stanford survey placed him in the top 0.25% of the world's scientists. He has also delivered more than 200 invited lectures globally.

He has been awarded the prestigious Gold Medal Award from two societies, including the Chinese Radiology Society, and the Silver Medal from the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine for his integrity, educational skills, and contributions to the society.

Significant Research Accomplishments (Selected Publications):

  • Reduction of MR Imaging Time by the Hybrid Fast Scan Technique (Radiology 1986 – 4:359-376. 280 citations).
  • Reducing Motion Artifacts in Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform Imaging (MRI 1986 – 4:359-376. 346 citations).
  • Improving Image Quality in the Presence of Motion by Using Rephasing Gradients (AJR 1987 – 48:1251-1258. 488 citations).
  • Reducing T2* Dephasing in Gradient Field Echo Imaging (Radiology 1989 – 170:607-612. 427 citations).
  • Constrained Reconstruction: A Superresolution Optimal Signal-to Noise Alternative to the Fourier Transform in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Medical Physics 1989 – 16:671-678. 614 citations).
  • Steady State Free Precession Imaging in the Presence of Motion: An Application to Cerebrospinal Fluid (Radiology 1990 – 175:550-554. 410 citations).
  • Higher Order Frequency Dependence of Radio frequency Penetration in Planar, Cylindrical and Spherical Models (J. Mag. Res. 1991 – 91:447-466. 270 citations).
  • Three-dimensional MR pulmonary vessel imaging: preliminary experience (Radiology 1992 – 183:525-529. 147 citations).
  • Gadolinium-enhanced high-resolution MR angiography with adaptive vessel tracking (JMRI 1992 – 2:277-285. 138 citations).
  • Identification of Vascular Structures as a Major Source of Signal Contrast in High Resolution 2D and 3D Functional Activation Imaging of the Motor Cortex at 1.5T (MRM 1993 – 30:763-768. 675 citations).
  • Theory of NMR Signal Behavior in Magnetically Inhomogeneous Tissues: The Static Dephasing Regime (MRM 1994 – 31:670-682. 1827 citations).
  • In Vivo Validation of the BOLD Mechanism: A Review of Signal Changes in Gradient Echo Functional MRI in the Presence of Flow (Intl J of Imaging Systems and Technology 1995 – 6:17-29. 216 citations).
  • Small Vessels in the Human Brain: MR Venography with Deoxyhemoglobin as an Intrinsic Contrast Agent (Radiology 1997 – 203:680-685. 2750 citations).
  • Improved Detection of Hemorrhagic Shearing Lesions in Children with Post-traumatic Diffuse Axonal Injury – Initial Results (Radiology 2003 – 229:546-552. 418 citations).
  • Reliability in Detection of Hemorrhage in Acute Stroke by a New Three-Dimensional Gradient Recalled Echo Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging Technique Compared to Computed Tomography (JMRI 2004 – 19:680-686. 200 citations).
  • Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI) (MRM 2004 – 52:612-618. 3537 citations).
  • Imaging Iron Stores in the Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI 2005 – 23:1-25. 414 citations).
  • Global White Matter Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Images is Predictive of Injury Severity in TBI (Journal of Neurotrauma 2007 – 24:1322-1335. 231 citations).
  • Characterizing Iron Deposition in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions Using Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (JMRI 2009 – 29:537-544. 235 citations).
  • Susceptibility mapping as a means to visualize veins and quantify oxygen saturation (J. Mag. Reson. Imaging 2010 – 62:1767-1776. 297 citations).
  • Common Data elements in radiologic imaging of traumatic brain injury (JMRI 2010 – 32:1528-1542. 154 citations).
  • Imaging cerebral microbleeds using susceptibility weighted imaging: one step toward detecting vascular dementia (JMRI 2010 – 31:549-556. 195 citations).
  • Patterns of Chronic Venous Insufficiency in the Dural Sinuses and Extracranial Draining Veins and Their Relationship with White Matter Hyperintensities for Patients with Parkinson's disease (Journal of Vascular Surgery 2014 – 60:412-421. 76 citations).
  • Non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and venography imaging with enhanced angiography (JMRI 2013 – 38:521-532. 80 citations).
  • Susceptibility mapping of air, bone and calcium in the head (Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2015 – 73:105-117. 131 citations).
  • STrategically Acquired Gradient Echo (STAGE) imaging, part I (Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2018 – 50:11-20. 60 citations).
  • Imaging the Nigrosome 1 in the substantia nigra using susceptibility weighted imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping (NeuroImage: Clinical 2020 – 26:102213. 50 citations).
  • Subvoxel vascular imaging of the midbrain using USPIO-Enhanced MRI (Neuroimage 2020 – 221:117180. 3 citations).
  • A Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods to Assess Multiple Sclerosis Lesions (Diagnostics 2021 – 11:215. 13 citations).
  • STAGE as a multicenter, multivendor protocol for imaging Parkinson’s disease: a validation study on healthy controls (Chinese J Academic Radiology 2022 – 5:22-30. 1 citation).
  • Automatic detection of neuromelanin and iron in the midbrain nuclei using a magnetic resonance imaging-based brain template (Hum Brain Mapp 2022 – 43:4409-4424. 13 citations).
  • Diagnosing Parkinson's disease by combining neuromelanin and iron imaging features using an automated midbrain template approach (Neuroimage 2023 – 266:119814. 2 citations).
  • PENCIL imaging: A novel approach for neuromelanin sensitive MRI in Parkinson's disease (Neuroimage. 2024 May 1;291:120588. 0 citations).
  • In Vivo Visualization of White Matter Fiber Tracts in the Brainstem Using Low Flip Angle Double Echo 3D Gradient Echo Imaging at 3T (Neuroimage 2024 – 292:120614. 0 citations).

Entrepreneurship and Funding

Professor Haacke has founded two companies, "MR Innovations, Inc." and "SpinTech, Inc.," and a 501(c)3 non-profit, "The MRI Institute for Biomedical Research". As principal investigator or co-investigator, he has secured more than $40 million in grants from NIH and industry. His most recent award was a $2 million High End Instrumentation grant from the NIH to acquire the Siemens CIMA.X 3T magnet, now installed at Applebaum and directed by Professor Chen.

The Chinese Connection

Professor Haacke's first visit to China was in the late 1980s, where he conducted one of the first MRI workshops in Beijing with Professor Z.H. Cho from Korea. He met Professor Gao from military hospital 301, author of the first Chinese MRI textbook. Recognizing China's need for scientific materials, the Society decided to help facilitate access to journals. As Vice-President and later President of the Society for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, he actively supported this international collaboration.

His extensive travels in China have taken him to over 50 cities, experiencing diverse cultural heritage and cuisine. Much of his collaborative work in China has focused on clinical studies of Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI), which was cited as one of the top 30 papers in Magnetic Resonance in Medicine over the last 30 years. SWI has been widely used in China to study conditions ranging from stroke to abdominal cancers, and the Chinese government recently approved reimbursement for SWI scans.

In June 2017, he received the "Expert with Outstanding Contributions" award from the Chinese Medical Association Radiology Society for his achievements and contributions to MRI in China. He was given the Chinese name Hai Ming De (海明德) by an artist and philosopher, meaning "ocean and a large amount of," "bright, just and honorable," and "having integrity," a name derived from the Confucian classic "The Great Learning". He is called “Hai Jiao Shou” (Professor Haacke) by staff in Shanghai hotels.

He collaborated with Dr. He Naying and Dr. Yan Fuhua on Parkinson's disease, forming the Ruijin Imaging Neurosciences Group (RING) at Ruijin Hospital. He was also a member of East China Normal University for five years, continuing to collaborate with Professor Yang Guang and his team. The collaboration with Neurology faculty provided access to a patient base of 6000 subjects.

Images:

  • John Patrick and Mark Haacke circa 1984
  • Professor Haacke giving a presentation.
  • Herb Kressel, Mark Haacke and Steve Riederer, the first three Presidents of the ISMRM in 1993.
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