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Goddesses

Name Name meaning Attested consorts and sexual partners Attested children Attestations Group
Baduhenna (Latinized Germanic) Badu-, may be cognate to Proto-Germanic *badwa- meaning "battle." The second portion of the name -henna may be related to -henae, which appears commonly in the names of matrons.[1] None attested None attested Tacitus's Annals None, but share similarities with Æsir
Bil (Old Norse) Contested None attested None attested Prose Edda Unknown, but could be Æsir
Beyla (Old Norse) Proposed as related to "cow," "bean," or "bee."[2] Byggvir None attested Poetic Edda Unknown, but could be Vanir
Dís (Old Norse) "goddess"[3] None attested None attested Poetic Edda Disir
Eir (Old Norse) "Peace, clemency"[4] or "help, mercy"[5] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Æsir
Ēostre (Old English) "East"[6] (Gives her name to Easter according to Bede). None attested None attested De temporum ratione None, but share similarities with Jötunn
Freyja (Old Norse) (See List of names of Freyja for more) "Lady"[7] Freyr, Óðr Hnoss, Gersemi Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Heimskringla, Sörla þáttr Vanir
Frigg (Old Norse) Derived from an Indo-European root meaning "Love"[8]

(Gives her name to Friday, as the Germanic equivalent of Venus).

Odin (consort), Vili, Vé Baldr, Höðr Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum, Historia Langobardorum, Second Merseburg Incantation Æsir
Fulla (Old Norse) Possibly "bountiful"[9] None attested None attested Second Merseburg Incantation, Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Æsir
Gefjun (Old Norse) Related to "giving"[10] Skjöldr, unnamed jötunn Four oxen Prose Edda, Ynglinga saga, Völsa þáttr Unknown, could be Vanir
Gersemi (Old Norse) "Treasure, precious object"[11] None attested None attested Heimskringla Vanir
Gerðr (Old Norse) "Fenced in"[12] Freyr Fjölnir (Heimskringla) Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Heimskringla Jötunn
Gná (Old Norse) Possibly related to Old Norse Gnæfa, meaning "to project"[13] None attested None attested Prose Edda Originally Vanir, became Æsir
Gullveig (Old Norse) Contested None attested None attested Poetic Edda Vanir
Haeva [de] (Latinized Germanic) Possibly "marriage"[14] Possibly Hercules Magusanus None attested Votive stone from the Netherlands (CIL XIII 8705) None, but share similarities with Vanir
Hariasa Possibly related to the valkyrie name Herja or meaning "goddess with lots of hair"[15] None attested None attested Stone from Cologne, Germany (CIL XIII 8185) None, but share similarities with Æsir
Hlín (Old Norse) Possibly related to the Old Norse term hleinir, itself possibly meaning "protects"[16][17] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Æsir
Hludana (Latinized Germanic) "The famous"[14] None attested None attested Votive stones from the Netherlands and Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany None, but share similarities with Æsir
Hnoss (Old Norse) "Treasure"[16] None attested None attested Prose Edda Vanir
Hretha (Old English) Possibly "the famous" or "the victorious"[18] None attested None attested De temporum ratione None, but share similarities with Æsir
Idis (Old Norse) well-respected and dignified woman None attested None attested Merseburg charms Idisi
Ilmr (Old Norse) Potentially related to Old Norse ilmr, a masculine noun meaning "pleasant scent"[19][20] None attested None attested Prose Edda, skaldic poetry Unknown, could be Æsir
Iðunn (Old Norse) Possibly "ever young"[21] Bragi None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Æsir
Irpa (Old Norse) Possibly relating to "dark brown"[22] None attested None attested Jómsvíkinga saga, Njáls saga Unknown, could be Æsir
Lofn (Old Norse) Potentially related to "Praise"[23] None attested None attested Prose Edda Æsir
Nanna (Old Norse) Possibly "mother" from nanna, or potentially related to nanþ-, meaning "the daring one"[24] Baldr Forseti Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum, Chronicon Lethrense, Setre Comb Æsir
Nehalennia (Latinized Germanic) Possibly "she who is at the sea" None attested None attested Votive altars discovered around what is now the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands None, but share similarities with Jötunn
Nerthus (Latinized Germanic, from Proto-Germanic *Nerthuz) Latinized form of what Old Norse Njörðr would have looked like around 1 CE.[25] None attested None attested Germania None
Njörun (Old Norse) Possibly related to the Norse god Njörðr and the Roman goddess Nerio[26][27] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, skaldic poetry Æsir
Norns (Old Norse)
(Urðr, Verðandi, Skuld) 		Unknown None attested None attested Poetic Edda, skaldic poetry Nornir
Rán (Old Norse) "Theft, robbery"[28] Ægir Nine daughters Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna Jötunn
Rindr (Old Norse) Possibly related to *Vrindr[29] Odin Váli Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Gesta Danorum Jötunn
Sága (Old Norse) Possibly "to see"[30] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, skaldic poetry Æsir
Sandraudiga (Latinized Germanic) "She who dyes the sand red."[31] None attested None attested North Brabant stone None
Sif (Old Norse) "In-law-relationship"[32] Thor Þrúðr, Ullr Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Æsir
Sigyn (Old Norse) "Victorious girl-friend"[33] Loki Nari, Narfi and/or Váli Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Æsir
Sinthgunt (Old High German) Contested None attested None attested Second Merseburg Incantation None
Sjöfn (Old Norse) "Love"[34] None attested None attested Prose Edda Unknown, could be Æsir
Skaði (Old Norse) Possibly related to Scandia.[35] Ullr, Odin, once Njörðr. Sæmingr Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Ynglinga saga Jötunn
Snotra (Old Norse) "The clever one"[36] None attested None attested Prose Edda Æsir, although very similar to Vanir
Sól (Old Norse), Sunna (Old High German) "Sun"[37]

(Gives her name to Sunday).

Glenr daughter, unnamed Second Merseburg Incantation, Poetic Edda, Prose Edda None, but shares similarities with Vanir
Syn (Old Norse) "Refusal"[38] None attested None attested Prose Edda Aesir, Disir, Matronae
Tamfana (Latinized Germanic) Unknown None attested None attested Germania, Tamfanae sacrum inscription Unknown
Þrúðr (Old Norse) "Power"[39] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, Karlevi Runestone Æsir
Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr (Old Norse) Literally "Þorgerðr Hölgi's Bride"[40] None attested Hölgi, possibly others Jómsvíkinga saga, Njáls saga, Skáldskaparmál, Færeyinga saga Æsir
Vár (Old Norse) "Beloved"[41] None attested None attested Poetic Edda, Prose Edda Æsir
Vihansa (Latinized Germanic) "War-goddess"[42] None attested None attested Votive stone from Belgium (CIL XIII 3592) Unknown
Vör (Old Norse) Possibly "the careful one"[43] None attested None attested Prose Edda, Poetic Edda Thrymsvitha Æsir
Zisa Possibly related to *Tiwaz None attested Possibly Tyr via linguistic connection Codex Monac, Codex Emmeran, and Suevicarum rerum scriptores Unknown, could be Æsir
  1. ^ Simek (2007:26).
  2. ^ Lindow (2001:78).
  3. ^ August Fick, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen Part 3 Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit, 4th ed. rev. Alf Torp, Hjalmar Falk, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1909, OCLC 491891019, "dîsî, dîsi," p. 206 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ Lindow (2001:105).
  5. ^ Orchard (1997:36).
  6. ^ Barnhart (1995:229).
  7. ^ Lindow (2001:126)
  8. ^ Lindow (2001:129).
  9. ^ Orchard (1997:49).
  10. ^ North (1997:71).
  11. ^ Simek (2007:106).
  12. ^ Orchard (1997:54).
  13. ^ Lindow (2001:147).
  14. ^ a b De Vries, Jan (2011-04-20). Die Götter – Vorstellungen über den Kosmos – Der Untergang des Heidentums (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 320. doi:10.1515/9783110855197. ISBN 978-3-11-085519-7.
  15. ^ Simek (2007:131).
  16. ^ a b Lindow (2001:177).
  17. ^ Hopkins, J.S., 2016–17. Goddesses Unknown III: On the Identity of the Old Norse Goddess Hlín. RMN Newsletter, 12–13, 30–36.
  18. ^ Simek (2007:159).
  19. ^ Grimm (1888:1374).
  20. ^ Hopkins, J.S., 2014. Goddesses Unknown II: On the Apparent Old Norse Goddess Ilmr. RMN Newsletter, 8, pp.32-38.
  21. ^ Lindow (2001:199).
  22. ^ Simek (2007:176).
  23. ^ Lindow (2001:213).
  24. ^ Simek (2007:227).
  25. ^ Lindow (2001:237–238)
  26. ^ Finnur Jónsson (1913:110) suggests a Njörðr connection, Magnússon (1989:671) suggests Njörðr and Nerio.
  27. ^ Hopkins, J.S., 2012. Goddesses Unknown I: Njǫrun and the Sister-Wife of Njǫrðr. The Retrospective Methods Network Newsletter, 5 (December 2012), 39-44.
  28. ^ Simek (2007:260).
  29. ^ Simek (2007:266).
  30. ^ Lindow (2001:265).
  31. ^ Nordisk Familjebok (1916:665).
  32. ^ Lindow (2001:266).
  33. ^ Orchard (1997:146).
  34. ^ Lindow (2001:268).
  35. ^ Simek (2007:287).
  36. ^ Simek (2007:296).
  37. ^ Orchard (1997:152).
  38. ^ Orchard (1997:157).
  39. ^ Orchard (1997:165).
  40. ^ Simek (2007:326–327).
  41. ^ Simek (2007:353).
  42. ^ Schonfeld, M. (Moritz) (1911). Wörterbuch der altgermanischen personen-und völkernamen; nach der überlieferung des klassischen altertums. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Library. Heidelberg, C. Winter.
  43. ^ Simek (2007:368).
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