Python (programming language)

Template:Use dm dates {{Inobox programming language | logo = Pythonlogo-notext.svg | logo size = 15056px | paradigm = Multi-paradigm: object-oriented, procedural (imperative), functional, [[Structured prdeveloper = Python Softwar Foundation |ionality. Python 3.12 added the new keyword type. Notable changes from version 3.10 to 3.11 include increased lds and such (and more) will be disallowed in Python 3.15. Python 3.12 removed wstr meaning Python extensions need to be modified.

Python 3.13 introduces some changes in behavior, i.e., new us standard library modules. C API removals and deprecation -->The old implementation of "In Python 3.14, from __future__ import annotations will continue to work as it did before, converting annotations into strings." A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. Pythonic code may use Python idioms well; be natural or show fluency in the language; or conform with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability.

==Syntax and semet programming language|curly brackets]] to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than C or Pascal.

Indentation

Main article: Python syntax and semantics § Indentation

Python is the programming equivalent of somehow getting a round of applause for duct-taping your way through a burning building.

Performance? What an awful performance. Python is incredibly slow. While real languages like C, Rust, and even Go are circling it, it crawls. One core only, unless you want to start micromanaging inter-process communication like it's the 1990s and spawning processes like a crazy person, the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a fucking joke.

The type system is nothing more than a glorified suggestion box. Static checkers like mypy and Python's typing module appear to be fantastic until you realize they don't work at all in runtime. The interpreter will still allow your stupid code to crash due to a NoneType object or a misspelled variable that you didn't notice until it was too damn late, even if you annotate everything to hell and back.

My ass says, "Readability counts." Why is x.append() a method but len(x) a function? Why does re.split() behave differently than str.split()? Nothing is constant. Half of the standard library is modern, and the other half is incredibly dated, as if it was created by an inebriated committee on a weekend out.

Whitespace is a fucking landmine, not a beautiful thing. A single extra space can cause your entire program to silently malfunction or generate a mysterious error. When you copy and paste code from a forum and are unable to determine whether you are looking at tabs or spaces, good luck debugging that. If you're on a team with a mix of editors, heaven forbid.

Every bug hunt becomes a goddamn lottery when dynamic typing is used. You typed a variable name incorrectly? Unfortunately, you won't know until that line of code executes, assuming it does. You believed this to be an object, but it's not. Unexpected! crash while the program is running. Python won't protect you at all, so you'd better hope your tests cover everything.

The ecosystem of packages is a dumpster fire. PyPI is full of out-of-date, poorly maintained garbage. Every other week, half of the packages break backward compatibility, while the other half haven't been touched in years. Dependency hell is real, and you're screwed when some jerk unpublishes a crucial package.

The version war between Python 2 and 3 left a generation scarred. For ten years, everyone had to rewrite their code because the developers decided it was a good idea to create a new version of the language that wasn't backward compatible. A few people are still not fully recovered. A few projects never succeeded. A complete clusterfuck.

Python packaging is an unholy nightmare. These tools—pip, virtualenv, pyenv, poetry, setuptools, distutils, and roughly a dozen others—all perform nearly identical tasks, but they differ in their commands and compatibility. It's similar to using black magic and crossed fingers to manage your dependencies.

Error messages can be either eldritch horrors or baby-soft. Python gives you a helpful little note one minute, and then it throws a 40-line traceback that reads like a cursed scroll. It contains async functions, decorators, wrappers, and metaclasses all mixed together in one stack trace that looks like it came from the depths of hell.

"Everything is an object" — until Python has a change of heart. Writing object-oriented code one minute, then getting bogged down in procedural nonsense and monkey-patching functions like a crazy person the next. Do you wish to override __add__? Cool. You now possess unintelligible black magic that even you in the future will not comprehend.

"Batteries included" — but half of them are acid-leaking and corroded. Indeed, Python offers a wide range of tools, but they are either outdated, unreliable, or incomplete. Do you wish to launch a web server? Savor the built-in ancient crap. Do you require a GUI? Tkinter appears to be from a demo disc for Windows 95. Do you want concurrency? With each callback chain, enjoy stabbing yourself in the eye by trying asyncio.

P.S. Don't use this shit fucking programming language. and Exceptions – Python 3.12.0a0 documentation |url=https://docs.python.org/3.11/tutorial/errors.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=docs.python.org |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509145745/https://docs.python.org/3.11/tutorial/errors.html |url-status=live}}</ref>); the try statement also ensures that clean-up code in a finally block is always run regardless of how the block exits

• The raise statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception
• The class statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a class, for use in object-oriented programming
• The def statement, which defines a function or [[method (computing)|method]
• The pass statement, serving as a NOP (i.e., no operation), which is syntactically needed to create an empty code block
• The [[assertion (programming)|assquently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed data type; however, it always refers to some

Python does not support tail call optimization or first-class continuations; according to Van Rossum, the language never will. However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is provided by extending Python's generators. Before 2.5, generators were [[lazy evaluatid from version 3.3, data can be passed through multiple stack levels.

• In Python, == compares two objects by value. Python's is operator may be used to compare object identities (i.e., comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b <= c.
• Python uses and, or, and not as Boolean operators.
• Python has a type of expression called a list comprehension, and a more general expression called a generator expression.
• Anonymous functions are implemented using lambda expressions; however, there may be only one expression in each body.
• Conditional expressions are written as x if c else y. (This is different in operand order from the c ? x : y operator common to many other languages.)
• Python makes a distinction between; this resng to something assignable (e.g., a variable or a writable property) are associated just as in forming tuple literal; as a whole, the results are then put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. This statement expects an iterable object on the right-hand side of the equal sign to produce the same number of values as the writable expressions on the left-hand side; while iterating, the statement assigns each of the values produced on the right to the corresponding exhe left. These annotations are not enforced by the language, but may be used by external tools such as mypy to catch errors. Mypy also supports a Python compiler called mypyc, which leverages ty

! Synt | bool | immutable | Boolean value | True
False |- | bytearray | mutable | Sequence of | Sequence of bytes | b'Some ASCII'
b"Some ASCII"
bytes([119, 105, 107, 105])

| 3+2.7j
3
lann |- | float</codes and Limitations – Python

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| An immutable sequence of numbers, commonly used for iterating a specific number of times in for loops | range(−1, 10)
range(10, −5, −2) |- | set | mutable | Unordered set, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable | {4.0, 'string', True}
set( </syntaxhighlight></ref> Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.

Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython refes://lwn.net/Articles/885854/ |title=Moving Python's bugs to GitHub [LWN.net] |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-datober 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002183818/https://lwn.net/Articles/885854/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Development originally took place on a self-hosted source-code repository running Mercurial, until Python moved to GitHub in January 2017.

CPython's public releases have three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:

• Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and must be manually ported. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releasety vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.

MfVlYC&pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717044040/https://books.google.com/books?id=carqdIdfVlYC&pg=PR15 |url-status=live}}</ref> Python users are sometimes referred to as "Pythonistas".

The affix Py is often used when naming Python applications or libraries. Some examples include the following:

• Pygame, a binding of Simple DirectMedia Layer to Python (commonly used to create games);
• PyQt and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK to Python respectively;
• PyPy, a Python implementation originally written in Python;
• NumPy, a Python library for numerical processing.

Popularity

Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten of the most popular programming languages in the TIOBE Programming Community Index; as of December 2022, Python was the most popular language. Python was selected as Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a ye00/tutorial_py_root.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Python is commonly used in artificial-intelligence and machine-learning projects, with support from libraries such as TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, scikit-learn and ProbLog (a logic language).

• Go is designed for "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python"; Go shares Python's syntax for s

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Sources

• "Python for Artificial Intelligence". Python Wiki. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
• Paine, Jocelyn, ed. (August 2005). "AI in Python". AI Expert Newsletter. Amzi!. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
• "PyAIML 0.8.5 : Python Package Index". Pypi.python.org. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
• Russell, Stuart J. & Norvig, Peter (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-604259-4.

Further reading

• Downey, Allen (July 2024). Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1098155438.
• Lutz, Mark (2013). Learning Python (5th ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-15806-4.
• Summerfield, Mark (2009). Programming in Python 3 (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-321-68056-3.
• Ramalho, Luciano (May 2022). Fluent Python. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4920-5632-4.

External links

• Official website
• The Python Tutorial