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Cloud-based quantum computing

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Cloud-based quantum computing is the invocation of quantum emulators, simulators or processors through the cloud. Increasingly, cloud services are being looked on as the method for providing access to quantum processing. Quantum computers achieve their massive computing power by initiating quantum physics into processing power and when users are allowed access to these quantum-powered computers through the internet it is known as quantum computing within the cloud.

In 2016, IBM connected a small quantum computer to the cloud, allowing for simple programs to be built and executed.[1] In early 2017, researchers from Rigetti Computing demonstrated the first programmable cloud access using the pyQuil Python library.[2] Cloud-based quantum computers enable greater reach for hardware. They allow people outside a professional lab or institution to experience and learn more about the growing application layer for quantum technology.[3]

Application

Cloud-based quantum computing is used in several contexts:

  • In teaching, teachers can use cloud-based quantum computing to help their students better understand quantum mechanics, as well as implement and test quantum algorithms.[4][5]
  • In research, scientists can use cloud-based quantum resources to test quantum information theories,[6] perform experiments,[7] compare architectures,[8] amongst other things.
  • In games, developers can use cloud-based quantum resources can create quantum games to introduce people to quantum concepts.[9]
  • In digital transformation where terabytes of big data available to process and forecast valuable future outcomes.
  • Used in cloud based quantum app development to build customized applications for small businesses.

Existing platforms

  • qBraid Lab by qBraid [10] is a cloud-based platform for quantum computing. It provides software tools for researchers and developers in quantum, as well as access to quantum hardware. qBraid provides cloud based access to Microsoft Azure Quantum and Amazon Braket devices including IQM, QuEra, Pasqal, Rigetti, IonQ, QIR simulators, Amazon Braket simulators, and the NEC Vector Annealer, as of August 2025. qBraid's base version is free, where unlimited hardware and simulator access is available with the purchase of credits.[11]
  • Quandela Cloud by Quandela is the platform to access first cloud-accessible European photonic quantum computer. The computer is interfaced using the Perceval scripting language, with tutorials and documentation available online for free.[12]
  • Xanadu Quantum Cloud by Xanadu is a platform with cloud-based access to three fully programmable photonic quantum computers.[13]
  • Forest by [[Rigetti Computing] is a tool suite for cloud-based quantum computing. It includes a programming language,[14] development tools and example algorithms.
  • LIQUi> by [[Microsoft] is a software architecture and tool suite for quantum computing. It includes a programming language, example optimization and scheduling algorithms, and quantum simulators.
  • IBM Quantum Platform by IBM,[15] providing access to quantum hardware as well as HPC simulators. These can be accessed programmatically using the Python-based Qiskit framework, or via graphical interface with the IBM Q Experience GUI.[16] Both are based on the OpenQASM standard for representing quantum operations. There is also a tutorial and online community.[17]
  • Quantum in the Cloud by The University of Bristol, which consists of a quantum simulator and a four qubit optical quantum system.[18]
  • Quantum Playground by Google is an educational resource which features a simulator with a simple interface, and a scripting language and 3D quantum state visualization.[19]
  • Quantum in the Cloud is an experimental quantum cloud platform for access to a four-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance-NMRCloudQ computer, managed by Tsinghua University.
  • Quantum Inspire by Qutech is the first platform in Europe providing cloud-based quantum computing to two hardware chips. Next to a 5-qubit transmon processor, Quantum Inspire is the first platform in the world [20] to provide online access to a fully programmable 2-qubit electron spin quantum processor.
  • amazon Braket is a cloud-based quantum computing platform hosted by AWS which, as of June 2025, provides access to quantum computers built by IonQ, Rigetti, IQM, and QuEra. Braket also provides a quantum algorithm development environment and simulator.
  • Forge by QC Ware is a cloud-based quantum computing platform that provides access to D-Wave hardware, as well as Google and IBM simulators. The platform offers a 30-day free trial, including one minute of quantum computing time. [21]

References

  1. ^ "IBM Q Experience". quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net. Archived from the original on 2019-06-14. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
  2. ^ "Rigetti Computing Software Demo:Forest". YouTube. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
  3. ^ Chen, Xi; Cheng, Bin; Li, Zhaokai; Nie, Xinfang; Yu, Nengkun; Yung, Man-Hong; Peng, Xinhua (2018). "Experimental Cryptographic Verification for Near-Term Quantum Cloud Computing". arXiv:1808.07375 [quant-ph].
  4. ^ "Undergraduates on a cloud using IBM Quantum Experience". 9 June 2016.
  5. ^ Fedortchenko, Serguei (8 July 2016). "A quantum teleportation experiment for undergraduate students". arXiv:1607.02398 [quant-ph].
  6. ^ Alsina, Daniel; Latorre, José Ignacio (11 July 2016). "Experimental test of Mermin inequalities on a five-qubit quantum computer". Physical Review A. 94 (1): 012314. arXiv:1605.04220. Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94a2314A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.012314. S2CID 119189277.
  7. ^ Devitt, Simon J. (29 September 2016). "Performing quantum computing experiments in the cloud". Physical Review A. 94 (3): 032329. arXiv:1605.05709. Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94c2329D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.032329. S2CID 119217150.
  8. ^ Linke, Norbert M.; Maslov, Dmitri; Roetteler, Martin; Debnath, Shantanu; Figgatt, Caroline; Landsman, Kevin A.; Wright, Kenneth; Monroe, Christopher (28 March 2017). "Experimental comparison of two quantum computing architectures". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (13): 3305–3310. arXiv:1702.01852. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.3305L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1618020114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5380037. PMID 28325879.
  9. ^ Wootton, James (12 March 2017). "Why we need to make quantum games". Medium.
  10. ^ qbraid.com
  11. ^ qbraid.com/pricing
  12. ^ Heurtel, Nicolas; Fyrillas, Andreas; de Gliniasty, Grégoire; Le Bihan, Raphaël; Malherbe, Sébastien; Pailhas, Marceau; Bertasi, Eric; Bourdoncle, Boris; Emeriau, Pierre-Emmanuel; Mezher, Rawad; Music, Luka; Belabas, Nadia; Valiron, Benoît; Senellart, Pascale; Mansfield, Shane; Senellart, Jean (February 21, 2023). "Perceval: A Software Platform for Discrete Variable Photonic Quantum Computing". Quantum. 7: 931. arXiv:2204.00602. Bibcode:2023Quant...7..931H. doi:10.22331/q-2023-02-21-931. S2CID 247922568.
  13. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (9 September 2020). "First Photonic Quantum Computer on the Cloud". IEEE Spectrum.
  14. ^ Smith, Robert S.; Curtis, Michael J.; Zeng, William J. (2016-08-10). "A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture". arXiv:1608.03355 [quant-ph].
  15. ^ "IBM Q Homepage". 2025-06-01. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  16. ^ "IBM Quantum Platform". 2 April 2009.
  17. ^ "IBM Q Experience tutorial".
  18. ^ "Quantum in the Cloud". bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  19. ^ "Quantum Computing Playground". quantumplayground.net. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  20. ^ "QuTech Announces Quantum Inspire, Europe's First Public Quantum Computing Platform". quantumcomputingreport.com. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  21. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (25 September 2019). "QC Ware Forge will give developers access to quantum hardware and simulators across vendors". TechCrunch. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
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