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History
1949–1978: State-led Industrial Development
Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the government implemented a Soviet-style centrally planned economy, prioritizing heavy industries such as steel, coal, and machinery. [1]The First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957), with technical and financial support from the Soviet Union, led to significant industrial growth and the formation of a basic national industrial framework. During this period, 156 major industrial projects were launched, including large-scale enterprises in military production, metallurgy, chemicals, machinery, and energy. These efforts aimed to build a relatively complete industrial base and modern national defense system, significantly raising China’s industrial capacity and technological level to one comparable with that of advanced countries in the 1940s.[2] However, the system was characterized by high input reliance, low efficiency, and imbalanced output structures, including chronic overproduction in some sectors.[3]
Between 1958 and 1962, the Great Leap Forward aimed to accelerate industrialization through rural collectivization and mass mobilization. This campaign caused severe disruptions to both agriculture and industry, and is widely associated with a major famine that resulted in tens of millions of deaths. [4]The subsequent Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) further destabilized the industrial sector, as many technical experts and administrators were purged, leading to administrative paralysis and production inefficiencies.[3]
Despite these setbacks, China had, by 1978, developed a foundational industrial base dominated by state-owned enterprises in sectors such as chemicals, metallurgy, and machinery. [3]Industrial growth during the 1957–1978 period averaged approximately 8.8 percent annually, though growth rates fluctuated considerably from year to year. [3]According to scholars, persistent inefficiencies within the command economy model contributed to the eventual launch of economic reforms at the end of the 1970s.[3]
Aerospace industry
This paragraph is an excerpt from Chinese space program.
China's space program dates back to 1956, when the country established the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, the predecessor of today's China National Space Administration (CNSA). Over more than five decades of development, China has become one of the world's leading space powers. From launching its first artificial satellite to developing the BeiDou Navigation System, from its first carrier rocket to its first manned spaceflight, and from Tiangong-1 to the successful Chang’e lunar missions, China has achieved remarkable milestones that have attracted global attention.
Artificial Satellites
On April 24, 1970, China launched its first artificial satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1. On December 27, 2012, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, independently developed and operated by China, officially began providing regional services. By early 2013, the People's Republic of China had successfully developed and launched 140 artificial satellites of various types.
Carrier Rockets
From October 1996 to the end of 2005, the Long March series of carrier rockets achieved 46 consecutive successful launches. Significant technological breakthroughs were made in the development of a new generation of launch vehicles, including the successful progress in the development of a 120-ton thrust liquid oxygen/kerosene engine and a 50-ton thrust liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen engine.
Human Spaceflight
On November 20, 1999, China successfully launched and recovered its first uncrewed test spacecraft, Shenzhou 1. On October 15, 2003, astronaut Yang Liwei became the first Chinese person in space aboard Shenzhou 5. From October 12 to 17, 2005, the Shenzhou 6 mission completed a five-day crewed flight with two astronauts. In 2008, during the Shenzhou 7 mission, astronaut Zhai Zhigang conducted China's first extravehicular activity (spacewalk). In 2011, China launched its first prototype space station module, Tiangong 1, which successfully docked with the subsequently launched Shenzhou 8 spacecraft.
Lunar Exploration
On December 14, 2013, Chang'e 3 successfully landed on the Moon. On November 1, 2014, the Chang'e 5-T1 mission completed a successful return to Earth from lunar orbit.
- ^ Naughton, Barry (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-64064-0.
- ^ Kirby, E. Stuart (July 1955). "China's first five‐year plan". Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society. 42 (3–4): 269–274. doi:10.1080/03068375508731554. ISSN 0035-8789.
- ^ a b c d e Field, Robert Michael (September 1992). "China's Industrial Performance Since 1978". The China Quarterly. 131: 577–607. doi:10.1017/S0305741000046300. ISSN 1468-2648.
- ^ Dikötter, Frank (2010-09-06). Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4088-1444-4.