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Women in the Haitian Revolution
11 articles
Dédée Bazile
Sanité Bélair
Marie-Louise Coidavid
Cécile Fatiman
Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
Catherine Flon
Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière
Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture
Victoria Montou
Romaine-la-Prophétesse
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Underscores discography
3 articles
Fishmonger
Boneyard AKA Fearmonger
Wallsocket

Georges Méliès

Required reading

  • Ezra, Elizabeth (2000). Georges Méliès: The Birth of the Auteur. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5396-2.
  • Malthête, Jacques (1996). Méliès, images et illusions (in French). Exporégie. ISBN 978-2-9504493-7-5.
  • Malthête-Méliès, Madeleine (2022). Solomon, Matthew (ed.). Magnificent Méliès: The Authorized Biography. Translated by Pero, Kel. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-13258-4.
  • Mannoni, Laurent (2020). Méliès: La magie du cinéma (in French). Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08-152147-6.
  • Solomon, Matthew (2022). Méliès Boots: Footwear and Film Manufacturing in Second Industrial Revolution Paris. University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.12196353. ISBN 978-0-472-90295-8. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.12196353.

Use with caution

Marie-Louise Coidavid

Bibliography

The Haitian Times

History

Significant numbers of Haitians immigrated to New York City in the 1960s during François Duvalier's dictatorship and in the 1990s during the political instability following the overthrow of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, who was democratically elected president in 1991.[1] In 1999, an estimated 600,000 Haitian Americans lived in the New York metropolitan area, and an estimated 300,000 lived in South Florida.[1][2]

During the 1990s, two Haitian-born journalists, Yves Colon of the Miami Herald and Garry Pierre-Pierre of The New York Times, wrote news serving Haitian Americans.[2][3] The two discussed aspirations for a newspaper that would report on Haiti without a political agenda and bring attention to the achievements of Haitian immigrants. They chose the name The Haitian Times over The Haiti Times to reflect the focus on the Haitian diaspora. The newspaper was planned to be in English.[3] In contrast, the existing newspapers serving Haitian Americans, Haïti en Marche in Miami, Florida, and Haïti Observateur and Haïti Progrès in New York City, are written in French.[1][4] Colon and Pierre-Pierre avoided French and Haitian Creole because of their sociolinguistic divide: in Haiti, the upper-class speaks French and the lower-class speaks Creole.[2][5] Colon said, "All divisions between our languages are erased in English", and he observed that second-generation immigrants spoke English comfortably.[3] Colon and Pierre-Pierre financed The Haitian Times with their own money and by selling shares to Haitian-American investors, such as business owners, physicians, friends and white-collar workers. Pierre-Pierre remarked that "the only non-Haitian investor is my father-in-law."[3][5] The first edition was published on October 20, 1999.[3]

Content

Placeholder.

Reception

Placeholder.

References

  1. ^ a b c Howell, Ron (November 21, 1999). "On Haiti, in English: Newspaper Covering Island Issues Debuts in NY". Newsday. pp. A3, A43 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ a b c Morgan, Curtis (October 11, 1999). "Journalists Launch Voice for U.S. Haitians". The Miami Herald. pp. 1B, 2B – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ^ a b c d e Moffett, Dan (October 10, 1999). "Rivals Link in English Haitian Times". The Palm Beach Post. p. 12a – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ Leslie, Casimir (October 27, 2004). "Haitian Times Is a Story, Too". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  5. ^ a b "Haitians Go to Press: English-Language Weekly Hits Newsstands". New York Daily News. October 27, 1999. Archived from the original on March 1, 2025. Retrieved March 1, 2025.

Bibliography

Use with caution

Interviews

Food House

Food House (stylized in all lowercase) is an American musical duo consisting of Fraxiom and Gupi.

History

Fraxiom grew up in Kingston, Massachusetts, and by 2017, had gathered a small following around their[a] nightcore and electronic music.[2] Gupi grew up in San Diego, California, with their[b] father Tony Hawk, and eventually became an electronic music producer, releasing an extended play (EP) through a friend's music label.[2][4] The two met in August 2017 in Orlando, Florida, during a rave that Fraxiom performed for. By the end of the month, Gupi began his first semester at Berklee College of Music in Boston, closer to where Fraxiom lived. They spent more time together and became close friends. They did not initially collaborate on music; Gupi felt self-conscious about producing hyperpop around roommates. However, the two did DJ together at parties at MAGFest in Washington, D.C.[2]

Fraxiom and Gupi first collaborated on the song "Thos Moser", which they finished on Halloween in 2019. The two intended for the song to be an inside joke among their friends and expected it to stay within their inner circle.[2][5] Fraxiom shared the song privately with friends, who responded so positively that Fraxiom hurried to complete their debut solo EP Music. They said: "I wanted to have one more thing out before 'Thos Moser' raised the bar and made me scared to release things". Gupi planned to release the song as a single for their debut solo album None.[2] Initially, Gupi sent a version of None without "Thos Moser" to Dylan Brady of 100 gecs, anticipating that he would release the album on his record label Dog Show Records, a subsidiary of Diplo's Mad Decent. Brady enjoyed the album, and later "Thos Moser", and agreed.[2][6] Dog Show released the song alongside a music video on February 18, 2020. "Thos Moser" popularized Fraxiom and Gupi within the hyperpop scene.[2] Noah Simon of The Line of Best Fit called it "one of the first major dominoes [...] that led to hyperpop's eruption."[7] By October 2020, it had amassed 350,000 views on YouTube and over a million streams on Spotify, where it was featured on the streaming service's "Hyperpop" playlist.[2]

The success of "Thos Moser" motivated Fraxiom and Gupi to create an album together, as did the COVID-19 pandemic.[5] Fraxiom had moved to Chicago, Illinois, in January 2020 to study sound at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) and to perform at music venues.[2] However, the pandemic forced the school to evacuate dormitories in late March, which compelled Fraxiom to take the semester off and return to Massachusetts; they thought it would be convenient to quarantine with Gupi and create an album together. Fraxiom lived with Gupi for most of the spring, and the two formed the duo Food House, named for their frequent use of Uber Eats.[2][4] In April, the duo played a demo of the song "Ride" during Square Garden, a music festival hosted by 100 gecs in Minecraft.[2] Fraxiom moved to Chicago again in June, although fully dropped out of the SAIC to focus on their music career.[2][4] Gupi moved to Orlando before the album's release to live with their partner. On September 12, Fraxiom played "Ride" during their set at Appleville, a livestream festival hosted by A. G. Cook to promote his album Apple. In late September, Food House released "Ride" alongside a music video as the lead single to their self-titled debut album.[2] The duo released another single, "Mos Thoser", in October.[8] Dog Show released Food House on October 29.[9] Simon declared Food House the 13th best hyperpop album of all time in 2022,[7] and Pitchfork and KTLA retrospectively described it as a holy text within the genre.[10][11]

The duo mostly stopped releasing songs after Food House. The hyperpop scene dispersed, and they reckoned with personal issues and the expectations of the music industry. Their experiences with Dog Show and Mad Decent while releasing Food House had stressed them; Fraxiom said in an interview with Pitchfork: "Oh, so y'all are just gonna get a 50% cut of this really awesome, borderline genre-defining art we made, but you're not gonna help us with touring, advertising, A&R, or anything that an industry person is actually supposed to do?" The duo eventually began working on a second album, mostly in different cities. Gupi produced nearly the entire album and, unlike Food House, recorded some vocals for it.[10] Food House released their second album Two House independently on February 28, 2025.[10][12] Two House received positive reviews from Pitchfork and KTLA.[11][13]

Musical style

Food House is a hyperpop duo. Their music is characterized by chaotic electronic production, absurdist humor, and frequent references to popular culture and Internet culture.[5][11][13] Russell Falcon of KTLA described their music as "3OH!3, SpongeBob SquarePants, Nicki Minaj, metal, and original Twitter put into a musical blender by the Joker."[11]

"Thos Moser" features a house beat with loud hi-hats and frequently changing synths. Fraxiom raps with a deadpan tone and heavy Auto-Tune about the duo's antics in Boston.[2][6] They reference Caroline Polachek, a 100 gecs show at New York University where tiles fell from the roof, and threaten to urinate on Zedd.[14][15] "Ride" originated from a tweet that Fraxiom posted: "Too shy to ask [Gupi] to make a Drain Gang-type beat". Gupi saw the tweet and produced a beat that impressed Fraxiom, who spontaneously thought of a hook.[5] The song features a trap instrumental and electric guitar. Fraxiom references Degrassi, cannabis, and the fourth dimension and recalls riding scooters around Target and CVS Pharmacy parking lots at night.[16]

In an interview with Paper, Gupi described the duo's creative proccess while making Food House:[5]

Other times, we'll see a funny Twitter video where it's like, "Oh no, I accidentally turned the bass up too loud while the music is playing," and then we're like, "Let's make a beat that sounds like this." We watched a lot of YouTube during quarantine, a lot of Degrassi, How It's Made and food processing machine videos. Those always have funny, royalty-free music in them and we're like, "Oh let's make something like this," and Frax writes all the lyrics in 10 minutes and it happens.

Food House was inspired by pop music by the Black Eyed Peas, Far East Movement, and Kesha that the duo considered fun and timeless, as well as later music by Drain Gang, PC Music, 100 gecs, and on SoundCloud. The album is sonically varied. Matt Moen of Paper compared it to "mainlining cringe comps and bass-boosted TikToks all while listening to every top 10 pop hit between the years of 2010 and 2013 at the same time." According to Moen, the lyrics contain a "staggering" amount of skits and pop culture references. In one track, Siri confirms that Ronald Reagan is still dead, and in another, Fraxiom discusses baby food before Gupi screams at them to "just sing real shit".[5] Even so, Simon thought the album was equally playful and emotional.[7] Fraxiom discusses their frustration with consumerism and their struggles with depression, addiction, and gender identity across the lyrics.[4][17] Simon recalled that the duo once performed in Brooklyn, during which Fraxiom shouted to the audience, "This is a queer album!"[7]

Two House retains the maximalist electronic production of Food House;[11][13] Russell thought the duo restrained themselves and applied the large soundscape with more precision.[10] Lyrics.

Discography

Studio albums
  • Food House (2020)
  • Two House (2025)

Notes

  1. ^ Fraxiom uses they/them and she/her pronouns.[1] This article uses they/them pronouns for consistency.
  2. ^ Gupi uses they/them pronouns.[3]

References

  1. ^ "frax". Twitter. Archived from the original on March 22, 2025. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Galil, Leor (October 15, 2020). "Fraxiom Jigsaws Pop into a New Frame". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  3. ^ "gupimusic". Instagram. Archived from the original on March 22, 2025. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  4. ^ a b c d Taylor, Trey (March 9, 2021). "Hyperpop: Why American Music Isn't Boring". The Face. Photography by Eddie Whelan. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Moen, Matt (September 6, 2020). "Food House Turns the Snare up One More Level". Paper. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  6. ^ a b Enis, Eli (May 14, 2020). "Meet Gupi: Sonic the Hedgehog Fan, Skrillex Disciple and Son of Tony Hawk". Red Bull. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  7. ^ a b c d Simon, Noah (January 28, 2022). "The Best Hyperpop Albums of All Time". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  8. ^ Maicki, Salvatore (October 30, 2020). "10 Songs You Need in Your Life This Week". The Fader. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  9. ^ "Food House: Food House, Gupi, Fraxiom". Apple Music (US). Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  10. ^ a b c d Press-Reynolds, Kieran (March 5, 2025). "Food House Tore Through Hyperpop in 2020. Now, They're Back for Seconds". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on March 6, 2025. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  11. ^ a b c d e Falcon, Russell (March 19, 2025). "Review: Hyperpop Duo Food House's Two House Finds Truth Within the Noise". KTLA. Archived from the original on March 23, 2025. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
  12. ^ "Two House: Food House, Gupi, Fraxiom". Apple Music (US). Archived from the original on March 12, 2025. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
  13. ^ a b c Joyce, Colin (March 18, 2025). "Two House: Food House/Gupi/Fraxiom". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on March 18, 2025. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  14. ^ Moen, Matt (February 19, 2020). "What the Hell Is 'Thos Moser'?". Paper. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  15. ^ "The 100 Best Songs of 2020". The Fader. December 17, 2020. Archived from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
  16. ^ Moen, Matt (September 23, 2020). "Food House Take to the Target/CVS Parking Lot for 'Ride'". Paper. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2025.
  17. ^ Madden, Emma (February 18, 2022). "How Music Fell in Love with Shitposting". Vice. Archived from the original on March 16, 2025. Retrieved March 16, 2025.

Isaac Yeshurun Sasportas

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