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Intergovernmental Authority on Development

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Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
الهيئة الحكومية للتنمية
Autorité intergouvernementale pour le développement
Seal of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development
Seal
  Member states
  Withdrawn
  Suspended
Headquarters
Headquarters Djibouti, Djibouti Djibouti
Official languagesEnglish
Membership
7 states
Leaders
• Chair
Sudan Abdalla Hamdok
• Executive Secretary
Workneh Gebeyehu[1]
EstablishmentJanuary 1986 (As IGADD)
1996
Area
• Total
5,204,977 km2 (2,009,653 sq mi)
GDP (PPP)estimate
• Total
$337.82 billion
GDP (nominal)estimate
• Total
$393.042 billion
• Per capita
$888.5
Time zoneUTC+3 (East Africa Time)
Website
igad.int

The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is an eight-country trade bloc in Africa. It includes governments from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes. It is headquartered in Djibouti.

Member states

Horn of Africa

  •  Djibouti (founding member, since 1986)
  •  Eritrea (admitted 1993, withdrew 2007, attempted to rejoin in 2011,[2][3][4] rejoined 2023)[5]
  •  Ethiopia (founding member, since 1986)
  •  Somalia (founding member, since 1986)

Nile Valley

  •  South Sudan (admitted 2011,[6] suspended December 2021)[7]
  •  Sudan (founding member, since 1986, suspended participation in 2024)[8]

African Great Lakes

  •  Kenya (founding member, since 1986)
  •  Uganda (founding member, since 1986)

Partner countries

IGAD have partnering countries outside the Horn of Africa for participating at IGAD-RCP meetings on an ad hoc basis.[9]

IGASOM/AMISOM

This article is part of a series on
Politics of the African Union
Institutions
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Advisory bodies
Financial bodies
Decentralised bodies
Related topics
Main article: AMISOM

In September 2006, the AU Peace and Security Council approved an IGAD proposal to deploy an IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia (IGASOM).[10]

On 21 February 2007, the United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1744, which authorized the deployment of a new African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) in place of IGASOM.[11]

Current situation

  • IGAD is a principal supporter of the Federal Government of Somalia and backed it through the AMISOM and ATMIS initiatives.
  • IGAD expanded its activities in 2008 with initiatives to improve the investment, trade and banking environments of member states. The organization stressed the deployment of highly innovative programmes and mechanisms.

Structure

  • The Assembly of Heads of State and Government is the supreme policy making organ of the Authority. It determines the objectives, guidelines and programs for IGAD and meets once a year. A Chairman is elected from among the member states in rotation.
  • The Secretariat is headed by an Executive Secretary appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government for a term of four years renewable once. The Secretariat assists member states in formulating regional projects in the priority areas, facilitates the coordination and harmonization of development policies, mobilizes resources to implement regional projects and programs approved by the council and reinforces national infrastructures necessary for implementing regional projects and policies. The current Executive Secretary is Workneh Gebeyehu of Ethiopia (since 29 November 2019).[12]
  • The Council of Ministers is composed of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and one other Minister designated by each member state. The Council formulates policy, approves the work program and annual budget of the Secretariat during its biannual sessions.
  • The Committee of Ambassadors comprises IGAD member states' Ambassadors or Plenipotentiaries accredited to the country of IGAD Headquarters. It convenes as often as the need arises to advise and guide the Executive Secretary.

Ambassador Mahboub Maalim handed over as Executive Secretary [13] to Workneh Gebeyehu in late 2019. Maalim, a Kenyan nominee, had served from 2008 to 2019.

Executive Secretaries[14]

No. Name Country Took office Left office
1 Mekonnen Kibret  Ethiopia 1986 1990
2 David Muduuli  Uganda 1991 1996
3 Tekeste Ghebray  Eritrea 1996 2000
4 Attalla Hamad Bashir  Sudan 2000 2008
5 Mahboub Maalim  Kenya 2008 2019
6 Workneh Gebeyehu  Ethiopia 2019 Incumbent

Comparison with other regional trade blocs

African Economic Community
Pillar regional
blocs (REC) 		Area
(km²) 		Population GDP (PPP) ($US) Member
states
(millions) (per capita)
EAC 5,449,717 343,328,958 737,420 2,149 8
ECOWAS/CEDEAO 5,112,903 349,154,000 1,322,452 3,788 15
IGAD 5,233,604 294,197,387 225,049 1,197 7
AMU/UMA 4 6,046,441 106,919,526 1,299,173 12,628 5
ECCAS/CEEAC 6,667,421 218,261,591 175,928 1,451 11
SADC 9,882,959 394,845,175 737,392 3,152 15
COMESA 12,873,957 406,102,471 735,599 1,811 20
CEN-SAD 4 14,680,111 29
Total AEC 29,910,442 853,520,010 2,053,706 2,406 54
Other regional
blocs 		Area
(km²) 		Population GDP (PPP) ($US) Member
states
(millions) (per capita)
WAMZ 1 1,602,991 264,456,910 1,551,516 5,867 6
SACU 1 2,693,418 51,055,878 541,433 10,605 5
CEMAC 2 3,020,142 34,970,529 85,136 2,435 6
UEMOA 1 3,505,375 80,865,222 101,640 1,257 8
UMA 2 4 5,782,140 84,185,073 491,276 5,836 5
GAFTA 3 4 5,876,960 1,662,596 6,355 3,822 5
AES   2,780,159 71,374,000 179,347 3
During 2004. Sources: The World Factbook 2005, IMF WEO Database.
  Smallest value among the blocs compared.
  Largest value among the blocs compared.
1: Economic bloc inside a pillar REC.
2: Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation.
3: Non-African members of GAFTA are excluded from figures.
4: The area 446,550 km2 used for Morocco excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km2 would include the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of Western Sahara (claimed as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the Polisario Front). Morocco also claims Ceuta and Melilla, making up about 22.8 km2 (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.
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See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ "The IGAD ES Page". IGAD. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  2. ^ "Intergovernmental Authority on Development: About us: History". IGAD. 9 January 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  3. ^ "Eritrea rejoins East African bloc IGAD". Reuters. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  4. ^ Befekadu Bogale (2014). "Eritrea's Relation with IGAD and the OAU/AU: The Domestic and International Dynamics". Turkish Journal of International Relations. 13 (3): 4.
  5. ^ "Eritrea rejoins east Africa trade and security bloc IGAD after 16 years". africanews. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  6. ^ "East African bloc admits South Sudan as member". Reuters Africa. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  7. ^ Şafak, Yeni. "Regional bloc suspends South Sudan's membership over failure to pay fees". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-12-11.
  8. ^ "Sudan suspends ties with East African bloc over paramilitary leader's summit invitation | Fox News". Fox News.
  9. ^ "IGAD-RCP". IOM.int. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
  10. ^ "SOMALIA: African Union endorses regional peace plan". IRIN. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  11. ^ "Resolution 1744 (2007)" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  12. ^ "IGAD countries leaders applaud Dr Workneh's appointment as executive secretary". igad.int. Archived from the original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
  13. ^ "Executive Secretary Hails Italy's Support to IGAD". Intergovernmental Authority on Development. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  14. ^ "The IGAD ES Page". IGAD. Retrieved 2024-12-12.
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