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Authenticity and Development Front

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 5.123.173.66 (talk) at 06:46, 15 December 2024 (Iran). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
This article is about Syrian opposition during the Syrian civil war. For other historic opposition in Syria, see Syrian opposition (disambiguation).

Syrian opposition
المعارضة السورية
al-Muʻaraḍat as-Sūrīyah
Flag of Syrian opposition
Areas under control of various opposition groups as of December 2024
Syrian Opposition groups active in the Syrian Civil War:
  Interim Government (National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces and Syrian National Army)
  Salvation Government (Tahrir al-Sham)
  al-Tanf (Revolutionary Commando Army)
  Southern Operations Room
(Southern Front and Al-Jabal Brigade)
  Golan Heights (occupied by Israel since 1967)
CapitalDamascus
Azaz (de facto by the SIG)[4][5]
Idlib (de facto by the SSG)
Al-Tanf Base (used by the Syrian Free Army)
Largest cityDamascus
Aleppo (until 8 December 2024)
Official languagesArabic
Establishment
• Start of the Syrian revolution
15 March 2011
2011–2024
8 December 2024
CurrencyTurkish lira[6][7] (TRY)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EET)
Calling code+963
ISO 3166 codeSY
Internet TLD.sy
سوريا.
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Ba'athist Syria
Syrian transitional government
Politics of the Syrian opposition
Symbols
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Administrative divisions
Political parties
Foreign relations

The Syrian opposition (Arabic: المعارضة السورية, romanized: al-Muʻaraḍat as-Sūrīya), also known as the Syrian revolutionaries (Arabic: الثوار السوريين) is an umbrella term for the groups that opposed the Assad regime in Syria. In July 2011, at the beginning of the Syrian civil war, defectors from the Syrian Arab Armed Forces formed the Free Syrian Army, a name that was later used by several armed factions during the conflict. In November 2012, political groups operating from abroad formed the Syrian National Coalition (SNC). In turn, the Coalition formed the Syrian Interim Government (SIG) which operated first as a government-in-exile and, from 2015, in certain zones of Syria. In 2017, the Islamist group Tahrir al-Sham, unaffiliated to the SNC, formed the Syrian Salvation Government (SSG) in the areas it controlled. Rebel armed forces during the civil war have included the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army, affiliated to the SIG, the Southern Operations Room and the Revolutionary Commando Army. Other groups that challenged Bashar al-Assad's rule during the civil war were the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, and the jihadist organization known as the Islamic State.

The Syrian opposition evolved over time to include groups calling for the overthrow of the Assad government and opponents of its Ba'athist government.[8] Prior to the war, "opposition" (Arabic: المعارضة, romanized: al-muʕāraḍat) referred to traditional political actors such as the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change; that is, groups and individuals with a history of dissidence against the Syrian state.[9]

The first opposition groups in the Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War were local protest-organizing committees established in April 2011, as spontaneous protests became more planned and organized.[10] The uprising, from March 2011 until the start of August 2011, was characterized by a consensus for nonviolent struggle among the participants.[11] Thus the conflict could not have been yet characterized as a "civil war", until army units defected in response to government reprisals against the protest movement.[12][13] This occurred 2012, allowing the conflict to meet the definition of "civil war".[14]

Opposition groups in Syria took a new turn in late 2011 during the Syrian civil war, as they united to form the Syrian National Council (SNC),[15] which has received significant international support and recognition as a partner for dialogue. The Syrian National Council was recognized or supported in some capacity by at least 17 member states of the United Nations, with three of those (France, the United Kingdom, and the United States) being permanent members of the Security Council.[16][17][18][19][20][21]

A broader opposition umbrella group, the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, was formed in November 2012 and has gained recognition as the "legitimate representative of the Syrian people" by the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG) and as a "representative of aspirations of Syrian people" by the Arab League.[22] The Syrian National Coalition was subsequently considered to take the seat of Syria in the Arab League, with the representative of Bashar Al-Assad's government suspended that year. The Syrian National Council, initially a part of the Syrian National Coalition, withdrew on 20 January 2014 in protest at the decision of the coalition to attend the Geneva talks.[23] Despite tensions, the Syrian National Council retained a degree of ties with the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces. Syrian opposition groups held reconciliation talks in Astana, Kazakhstan in October 2015.[24] In late 2015, the Syrian Interim Government relocated its headquarters to the city of Azaz in North Syria and began to execute some authority in the area. In 2017, the opposition government in the Idlib Governorate was challenged by the rival Syrian Salvation Government, backed by the Islamist faction Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS).

A July 2015 ORB International poll of 1,365 adults across all of Syria's 14 governorates found that about 26 percent of the population supported the Syrian opposition (41 percent in the areas it controlled), compared to 47 percent who supported the Syrian Arab Republic's government (73 percent in the areas it controlled), 35 percent who supported the Al-Nusra Front (58 percent in the areas it controlled), and 22 percent who supported the Islamic State (74 percent in the areas it controlled).[25] A March 2018 ORB International Poll with a similar method and sample size found that support had changed to 40% Syrian government, 40% Syrian opposition (in general), 15% Syrian Democratic Forces, 10% al-Nusra Front, and 4% Islamic State (crossover may exist between supporters of factions).[26]

In late 2024, various Syrian opposition groups launched simultaneous offensives that led to the fall of the Assad regime and the establishment of a transitional government.[27][28][29] On December 10, Mohammed al-Bashir, previously head of the Syrian Salvation Government, became prime minister of the Syrian transitional government.[30][31]

Background

The coalition includes Islamists, military defectors, and former civilians.[32][33][34] Although the alliance uses Syrian independence flags and symbols, it does not identify itself as part of the Free Syrian Army.[35] One of the groups involved was the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement, which was also part of the Army of Mujahideen,[32] though the Army of Mujahideen announced on 4 May 2014 that the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement had withdrawn from the coalition.[36] The Authenticity and Development Front operated American-made BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles captured from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[37]

Member Groups

Current

  • The White Shroud
  • Army of Tawhid[38]
    • Tajamuu Alwiyat al-Iman Billah
    • Liwa Hamah al-Aqidah
    • Tajamuu Jund al-Badr Brigade 313
    • Lions of Islam Brigade
    • Talbisah Brigade
    • Falcons of Talbisah Brigade
    • Muawiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan Brigade
    • Sword of Islam Battalion
    • Tajamuu Alwiyat wa Kataib Suyuf al-Haq
  • Battalions of the People of Impact[39]
  • Abd Al-Rahman Battalions[40]
  • Miqdad Bin al-Aswad Battalion[41]
  • Division 60
  • Jund al-Sham[42]

Former Groups

See also

References

  1. ^ S, T. (13 November 2018). "A New Flag for the Opposition - The Syrian Observer".
  2. ^ Shekani, Helbast (12 November 2018). "Syrian opposition changes flag, adds Islamic inscription". Kurdistan 24. Kurdistan 24. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  3. ^ "Abu Mohammed al-Golani: the leader of Syrian HTS rebels steering shock offensive". Reuters. 6 December 2024. On Wednesday he visited Aleppo's citadel, accompanied by a fighter waving a Syrian revolution flag - once shunned by Nusra as a symbol of apostasy but recently embraced by Golani, a nod to Syria's more mainstream opposition, another video showed.
    "He's really important. The main rebel leader in Syria, the most powerful Islamist," said Lund.
    "They have adopted the symbols of the wider Syrian uprising..., which they now use and try to claim the revolutionary legacy - that 'we are part of the movement of 2011, the people who rose up against Assad, and we are also Islamists'."
  4. ^ Charles Lister (31 October 2017). "Turkey's Idlib Incursion and the HTS Question: Understanding the Long Game in Syria". War on the Rocks. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  5. ^ al-Khateb, Khaled (19 September 2018). "Idlib still wary of attack despite Turkish-Russian agreement". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  6. ^ Ashawi, Khalil (28 August 2018). "Falling lira hits Syrian enclave supported by Turkey". Reuters.
  7. ^ Ghuraibi, Yousef (1 July 2020). "Residents of northwestern Syria replace Syrian pound with Turkish lira". Enab Baladi. Idlib. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  8. ^ "Bashar al-Assad: Facing down rebellion". BBC News. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  9. ^ Sayigh, Yezid. "The Syrian Opposition's Leadership Problem". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  10. ^ Ghattas, Kim (22 April 2011). "Syria's spontaneously organised protests". BBC News. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  11. ^ Kouddous, Sharif Abdel (23 August 2012). "How the Syrian Revolution Became Militarized". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  12. ^ "Asad's Armed Opposition: The Free Syrian Army". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  13. ^ "We Live as in War". Human Rights Watch. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  14. ^ "Syrian Civil War | Facts & Timeline". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  15. ^ "The main components of the Syrian opposition". London: BBC Arabic. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  16. ^ thejournal.ie (27 February 2012). "EU ministers recognise Syrian National Council as legitimate representatives". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  17. ^ Andrew Rettman (24 October 2011). "France recognises Syrian council, proposes military intervention". EUObserwer. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  18. ^ "Clinton to Syrian opposition: Ousting al-Assad is only first step in transition". CNN. 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  19. ^ "UK Recognizes Syrian Opposition". International Business Times. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  20. ^ "Libya NTC says recognises Syrian National Council". Khaleej Times. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  21. ^ "Libya to arm syrian rebels". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney Morning Herald. 27 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  22. ^ "Syria's newly-formed opposition coalition draws mixed reaction". Xinhua. 13 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  23. ^ "Main bloc quits Syrian National Coalition over Geneva". The Times of Israel. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  24. ^ "Syrian opposition sign joint document in Kazakhstan's Astana". Tengri News. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  25. ^ "ORB/IIACSS POLL IN IRAQ AND SYRIA GIVES RARE INSIGHT INTO PUBLIC OPINION." ORB International July 2015. PDF link (see tables 1 and 8).
  26. ^ NEW ORB POLL: 52% SYRIANS BELIEVE ASSAD REGIME WILL WIN THE WAR Archived 9 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. ORB International. 15 March 2015.
  27. ^ "Ousted Syrian leader Assad flees to Moscow after fall of Damascus, Russian state media say". AP News. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  28. ^ jcookson (8 December 2024). "Experts react: Rebels have toppled the Assad regime. What's next for Syria, the Middle East, and the world?". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  29. ^ "HTS, overthrown Syrian PM task Mohammed al-Bashir with forming transitional government". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 9 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  30. ^ "Syrian rebels name Mohammed al-Bashir head of transitional government". Le Monde. 10 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  31. ^ "Der Islamist im Anzug: Wer ist der syrische Übergangspremier Mohammed al-Bashir?" [The Islamist in a suit: who is the Syrian interim prime minister Mohammed al-Bashir?]. Die Presse (in German). 10 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  32. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference ceip8April was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ "The Levant Front: Can Aleppo's Rebels Unite?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 26 December 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  34. ^ "The Fighting in Abu Kamal (Albukamal): Background and Analysis". Brown Moses Blog. 12 April 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  35. ^ "The Factions of Abu Kamal". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Jeish al-Mujahideen Charter – Comment and Translation". Goha's Nail. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  37. ^ "THE MODERATE REBELS: A GROWING LIST OF VETTED GROUPS FIELDING BGM-71 TOW ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILES". Hasan Mustafas. 5 August 2015.
  38. ^ Image twimg.com [better source needed]
  39. ^ جبهة الأصالةوالتنمية [@alasalawatanmya] (27 February 2018). "#جبهة_الأصالة_والتنمية #كتائب_أهل_الأثر https://t.co/mYc9xbXZYp" (Tweet) (in Arabic). Retrieved 31 December 2020 – via Twitter.
  40. ^ جبهة الأصالةوالتنمية [@alasalawatanmya] (26 April 2017). "#جبهة_الأصالة_والتنمية #كتائب_عباد_الرحمن https://t.co/yXLeej74mL" (Tweet) (in Arabic). Retrieved 31 December 2020 – via Twitter.
  41. ^ Image twimg.com [better source needed]
  42. ^ Image Archived 2019-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ "Mesopotamische Gesellschaft « the White Shroud: A Syrian Resistance Movement to the Islamic State / By Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi".
  44. ^ "Key Updates on Albukamal (Abu Kamal)".
  45. ^ "Syrian Civil War factions".
  46. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (18 December 2013). "The Factions of Abu Kamal". Middle East Forum. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
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