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Disaster informatics

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[1]Disaster informatics or crisis informatics is the study of the use of information and technology in the preparation, mitigation, response and recovery phases of disasters and other emergencies. Disaster informatics or emergency involves increased use of technology to depict how people can react to emergencies and other disasters that require fast improvements on recovery and preparedness.[2] It began to emerge as a field after the successful use of a variety of technologies in disasters including the Asian tsunami, September 11th and Hurricane Katrina.

Disaster informatics may involve incorporating social media content generated by people in disaster zones into humanitarian response plans based on satellite imagery, early warning systems, and official emergency services procedures. Disaster informatics may involve crowdsourcing, data mining, participatory mapping or citizen science, with members of the public as 'everyday analysts'.[3]

History

The term Informatics goes back to the 1960s rooting to medical informatics, this defines informatics as a discipline of science that researches the structure and regularities of scientific information. Subsequently, Informatics became reiterated as the broad range of informatics topics and various definitions between 1960-2000.[4] Essentially, this indicates that Informatics is the study of identifying information with the application of information and communication technologies to manage data and analyze humans in a social context. [5]

Social informatics has grown tremendously over the past couple of decades, introduced as a stemming discipline to disaster informatics. In the late 1980's online systems became more networked and more portable for the emergence of innovation in information technology.[4] As telecommunications grow globally, the spread of information and risks are very powerful resulting in disaster management.[4] From the decade of 2000, informatics technologies have evolved and established disaster risk reduction technologies for advanced global disaster response.

The term Disaster informatics was first used in a request for proposal response by D. E. Yarrington after the WTC communications problems were revealed. Subsequently, in 2002, a grant proposal was submitted to the National Institutes of Health/National Library of Medicine to begin the formal study of disaster informatics as it related to public health. This initiative emerged from her library and information science work at Jackson State University.[2]

Crowdsourcing and data mining

Crowdsourcing is the practice of obtaining an overview of all information surrounding a specific situation. Crowdsourcing consists of reviewing information and data by analyzing online communities and this can be done through analyzing social media platforms and other online networks.[6] Crowdsourcing is a type of data analysis method used in correspondence with creating response mechanisms and mitigation exercises to build situation recovery and preparedness to react to emergencies efficiently and promptly.[6] With the constant spread of information, social media platforms are a main source of how crowdsourcing becomes useful. As crowdsourcing is gathering information, disaster informatics uses data mediation to create a strong data collection base.

In the context of disaster informatics, crowdsourcing helps to balance information and then use information technologies to prepare for certain situations. Disaster informatics uses crowdsourcing to maintain a plan for response and recovery over time in different crises and natural disasters.[5] Crowdsourcing is used in a variety of ways by disaster informatics, for example in disaster-affected locations crowdsourcing can review social media platforms to examine disasters in real time and help get assistance where it is needed.[6] Crowdsourcing also uses information technologies and telecommunication technologies to communicate precautions during times of crisis and uses early warning systems to reduce risks in the spread of misinformation. Crowdsourcing most corresponds with disaster informatics by advancing improvement in situational awareness and implementing reliability, responsive crisis organizations, and humanitarian collaborations like satellite imagery, early warning systems, and data mining. [6]

Data mining is the process of obtaining valuable information to determine the different patterns within large pieces of data. Data mining methods are a crucial step toward self-organization and computer-mediated communication to foster more effective disaster management.[7]

In disaster informatics, data mining uses information to mediate the spread of misinformation by retrieving data from satellite imagery and early warning systems to predict weather conditions, natural disasters, and potential threats.[5] Data mining helps to improve decision-making throughout disasters by finding challenges in data and using them to reduce risks in predictions for disaster response. Essentially, data mining provides insight into computing innovation in public forums and continuously communicates responsive predictions of disaster recovery.[5]

Data methods and analysis

Disaster informatics focuses on the retrieval of data and analyzing this data to extract significant information to form safety precautions and recovery mechanisms in preparation for situational disasters. Different data methods like crowdsourcing, remote sensing, data mining, computer vision, participatory mapping, and citizen-generated science are practiced to provide insights among specific complex data to gauge decision-making and prioritize effective resources.[3] When using these tools and technologies in disaster informatics the data collected involves using real-time event detection, using sensory networks to find data mapping information, and using the statistics of past disasters to allocate resources and rapid quality assessment.[5]

Within the process of reforming and extracting data from large-scale data analytics like social media, satellite imagery, remote sensing, and multidisciplinary layers of data the analysis of this type of data introduces different developments of health effectiveness in response to opening a comprehensive approach to disaster management and disaster informatics. These methods enhance the options used to distribute communications and interactions during, after, and before disasters occur.[5]

Technologies

Real-life scenarios

See also

References

  1. ^ "Empowering Humanitarian Response Through Crisis Informatics | NetHope". nethope.org. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  2. ^ a b Murphy, Robin. "A National Initiative in Emergency Informatics" (PDF). Commuting Community Consortium. Version 1 (1): 1–8 – via Computing Research Association.
  3. ^ a b Palen, Leysia; et al. (2010). A vision for technology-mediated support for public participation & assistance in mass emergencies & disasters (PDF). Proceedings of ACM-BCS Visions of Computer Science 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Stephenson, R.; Anderson, P. S. (December 1997). "Disasters and the information technology revolution". Disasters. 21 (4): 305–334. doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00065. ISSN 0361-3666. PMID 9455005.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Ogie, R. I.; Verstaevel, N. (2020-10-01). "Disaster informatics: An overview". Progress in Disaster Science. 7: 100111. doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100111. ISSN 2590-0617.
  6. ^ a b c d Reuter, Christian; Kaufhold, Marc‐André (March 2018). "Fifteen years of social media in emergencies: A retrospective review and future directions for crisis Informatics". Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. 26 (1): 41–57. doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12196. ISSN 0966-0879.
  7. ^ Sakurai, Mihoko; Murayama, Yuko (2019-07-01). "Information technologies and disaster management – Benefits and issues -". Progress in Disaster Science. 2: 100012. doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100012. ISSN 2590-0617.


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