Staphylococcus delphini
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| Staphylococcus delphini | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Bacillati |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Bacillales |
| Family: | Staphylococcaceae |
| Genus: | Staphylococcus |
| Species: | S. delphini
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| Binomial name | |
| Staphylococcus delphini Varaldo et al. 1988
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Staphylococcus delphini is a Gram-positive, coagulase-positive member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of single, paired, and clustered cocci (round bacteria). Strains of this species were originally isolated from aquarium-raised dolphins suffering from skin lesions.[1]
History
The first strains of Staphylococcus delphini were discovered originally in 1975 when two strains were isolated from dolphins suffering from infected wounds.[citation needed] Based on both phenetic and genomic data, the basis of the new species Staphylococcus delphini was established.[1] Staphylococcus delphini was originally distinguished other staphylococci by its production of coagulase, phosphatase, and heat-labile deoxyribonuclease; its carbohydrate reaction pattern; its bacteriolytic activity pattern; its profile of penicillin-binding proteins; and the bacteria's fairly large ratio of G + C nucleotides in its genome.[1]
Microbiology
Staphylococcus delphini is a coagulase-positive bacterial pathogen, relative to other members of the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG). Other members of this group include S. cornubiensis, S. intermedius sensu stricto, and S. pseudintermedius. The members of this group have a relatively narrow host range, mainly comprising animals such as horses, ferrets, minks, and others. Despite this norm, there has been reported cases of S. delphini in humans.[2] S. delphini and other staphylococci in its group are able to become resistant to certain antimicrobial drugs. An example of this would be an isolate of S. delphini found in a horse that was resistant to erythromycin while other isolates of the same genus were susceptible to all antimicrobial drugs that were tested. Regarding the classification of this pathogen, S. delphini has been divided into two groups (A and B) with the hosts of group A typically consisting of mustelidae such as mink, ferrets, and badgers, whereas group B hosts remain unknown.[3]
Infection of humans
Until recently, there had been zero known diagnosed cases of Staphylococcus delphini infecting humans. In 2019, a case study was done on a 57-year-old woman who developed an open wound after having a partial gastrectomy. When coming back to the hospital three months post-op, she was swabbed and this culture was ultimately identified to be Staphylococcus delphini.[2] This was notable as the patient claimed to only have had contact with her cat, an organism not known to be a host of Staphylococcus delphini. The extent of how these infections might affect humans still very unknown as nothing arose from this particular case.[2]
Symptoms
The first reported symptom of Staphylococcus Delphini was reported in 1988 as two dolphins were found to have skin lesions.[1] Many of the symptoms of S. delphini deal with changes in the skin and in the instance of an infected mustelidae, the fur or paws. A large farm of mink were found to have been infected with a bacterial cocci that expanded the small intestines of these mink when their organs were later examined. Glutinous fluid that was discovered was later identified to be a Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) member and was classified as S. delphini. The direct source of this fluid and diarrhea wasn't determined, but scientists claimed that it was a result of S. delphini in the intestines of these mink.[4] In humans, symptoms are similar as they relate to the skin. In the first reported case of S. delphini in humans, the patient reportedly developed a gastric ulcer which was later treated and tested. Upon evaluation of the bacteria that had been accumulating in the patient, examiners found a colonization of S. delphini in the patient.[2][original research?]
Treatment
While there are few treatments for Staphylococcus delphini, one that has been lightly researched is the use of Tylosin (TYL). Tylosin is an antibiotic, used in veterinary medicine, and is a feed additive that halts the reproduction of bacteria. We know that Staphylococcus delphini is typically associated with horses, pigeons, badgers, ferrets, and mink. This particular study was done on mink. While the scientists found that Tylosin tends to work on mink, there is no evidence-based treatment regimen that has been discovered quite yet for the treatment of Staphylococcus delphini. Mink, according to the research article, are currently given Tylosin daily as a means of treatment. However, it is just a small dosage of 10 mg/kg. This test was researching the effects of upping the dosage 238-fold to 2380 mg/kg a day and researching different dosages to find the best dosage to suppress the growth of Staphylococcus delphini. Ronaghinia et al. found that between 250 and 500 times the current dosage of 10 mg/kg would be necessary to fight an infection from Staphylococcus delphini.[5] Anything less and anything more would either not work or could negatively affect the animal, respectively.
References
- ^ a b c d Varaldo, P. E.; Kilpper-Balz, R.; Biavasco, F.; Satta, G.; Schlifer, K. H. (1 October 1988). "Staphylococcus delphini sp. nov., a Coagulase-Positive Species Isolated from Dolphins". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 38 (4): 436–439. doi:10.1099/00207713-38-4-436.
- ^ a b c d Magleby, Reed; Bemis, David A.; Kim, David; Carroll, Karen C.; Castanheira, Mariana; Kania, Stephen A.; Jenkins, Stephen G.; Westblade, Lars F. (26 Jan 2019). "First reported human isolation of Staphylococcus delphini". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 94 (3): 274–276. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.01.014. ISSN 1879-0070. PMID 30955895.
- ^ Stull, Jason W.; Slavić, Durda; Rousseau, Joyce; Weese, J. Scott (March 2014). "Staphylococcus delphini and Methicillin-Resistant S. pseudintermedius in Horses, Canada". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (3): 485–487. doi:10.3201/eid2003.130139. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3944838. PMID 24565044.
- ^ Sledge, D. G.; Danieu, P. K.; Bolin, C. A.; Bolin, S. R.; Lim, A.; Anderson, B. C.; Kiupel, M. (13 May 2010). "Outbreak of Neonatal Diarrhea in Farmed Mink Kits (Mustella vison) Associated With Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus delphini". Veterinary Pathology. 47 (4): 751–757 – via Sage Publishing.
- ^ Ronaghinia, Amir Atabak; Birch, Julie Melsted; Frandsen, Henrik Lauritz; Toutain, Pierre-Louis; Damborg, Peter; Struve, Tina (2021-02-27). "Evaluating a tylosin dosage regimen for treatment of Staphylococcus delphini infection in mink (Neovison vison): a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic approach". Veterinary Research. 52 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/s13567-021-00906-0. ISSN 1297-9716. PMC 7913401. PMID 33640030.
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Further reading
- Guardabassi, Luca; Schmidt, Kristina Runge; Petersen, Tina Steiner; Espinosa-Gongora, Carmen; Moodley, Arshnee; Agersø, Yvonne; Olsen, John Elmerdahl (2012). "Mustelidae are natural hosts of Staphylococcus delphini group A". Veterinary Microbiology. 159 (3–4): 351–353. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.004. PMID 22542523.
External links
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