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OpenLogos

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"Logos", "The Logos Model", and "OpenLogos" are terms associated with technologies related to natural language processing and generation. "Logos" generally refers to a comprehensive framework or approach in this domain, initially highly connected to Machine Translation. "The Logos Model" denotes a specific methodology or system within this framework. "OpenLogos" refers to an open-source implementation of the Logos Model, available for use or modification by developers and researchers. "Logos machine translation" refers to translation systems developed within the Logos framework. These systems leverage the principles outlined in the Logos Model to perform translation tasks, aiming to generate accurate and fluent translations between different languages. Unlike other translation approaches relying solely on statistical or neural methods, the Logos approach emphasizes the use of linguistic knowledge and patterns to enhance translation quality. OpenLogos is an open source program that translates from English and German into French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. It accepts various document formats and maintains the format of the original document in translation. OpenLogos does not claim to replace human translators; rather, it aims to enhance the human translator's work environment. The OpenLogos program is based on the Logos Machine Translation System, one of the earliest commercial machine translation programs. The original program was developed by Logos Corporation in the United States, with additional development teams in Germany and Italy.

History

Logos Corporation was founded by Bernard (Bud) Scott in 1970, who worked on its Logos Machine Translation System until the company's dissolution in 2000. The project began as an English-Vietnamese translation system, which became operational in 1972 (during the American-Vietnam War), and later was developed as a multi-target translation solution, with English and German as source languages. Recently, the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence has been working on OpenLogos, a Linux-compatible version of the original Logos program released under the GNU GPL license.

Languages

Currently, OpenLogos translates from German and English into French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. In the long term, the goal of OpenLogos developers is to support bidirectional translation among these languages.

Explorations and Adaptations of The Logos Model

Explorations and adaptations of the Logos Model have led to the emergence of OpenLogos, an open-source iteration tailored to foster broader accessibility and collaboration within the research and development community. The Logos Model advocates for a perspective on Natural Language Generation (NLG) underscoring the significance of comprehensive linguistic analysis and efficient computational modeling of languages. This approach empowers researchers well-versed in computational linguistics to challenge the inherent limitations of existing language models by creating knowledge-based linguistic resources.

Logos prioritizes investing in high-quality resources and meticulously designed controllable systems over systems relying on post-editing of uncontrolled output, despite the curiosity about the capabilities of uncontrollable machines compared to humans. To further this approach, researchers worldwide have been leveraging resources from OpenLogos, with a focus on key features of the Logos Model: the Lexical and Semantico-Syntactic Abstraction Language (SAL) and the Semantico-Syntactic Tables (SemTab). For example, for Portuguese, OpenLogos resources served as the cornerstone for developing and enhancing linguistic tools and resources, including paraphrasing tools and paraphrasaries [1].

A notable initiative within this framework is the design, development, and refinement of the eSPERTo paraphrase generation system, complemented by the establishment of the Parafrasário tailored specifically for the Portuguese language. Our overarching goal is to expand these efforts to encompass other languages and Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems, such as Summarization and Question-Answering, thereby advancing the capabilities and applications of NLG.

Historical competitors

See also

Bibliography

  • Anabela Barreiro, Johanna Monti, Brigitte Orliac, Susanne Preuß, Kutz Arrieta, Wang Ling, Fernando Batista, Isabel Trancoso, "Linguistic Evaluation of Support Verb Constructions by OpenLogos and Google Translate", In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14), European Language Resources Association (ELRA), pages 35–40, Reykjavik, Iceland, May 2014
  • Anabela Barreiro, Fernando Batista, Ricardo Ribeiro, Helena Moniz, Isabel Trancoso, "OpenLogos Semantico-Syntactic Knowledge-Rich Bilingual Dictionaries", In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14), European Language Resources Association (ELRA), pages 3774–3781, May 2014
  • Anabela Barreiro, Bernard Scott, Walter Kasper, Bernd Kiefer. "OpenLogos Rule-Based Machine Translation: Philosophy, Model, Resources and Customization". Machine Translation, volume 25 number 2, Pages 107–126, Springer, Heidelberg, 2011. ISSN 0922-6567, doi:10.1007/s10590-011-9091-z
  • Bernard Scott, Anabela Barreiro. "OpenLogos MT and the SAL representation language". In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Free/Open-Source Rule-Based Machine Translation / Edited by Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz, Felipe Sánchez-Martínez, Francis M. Tyers. Alicante, Spain: Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos. 2–3 November 2009, pp. 19–26
  • Bernard Scott: "The Logos Model: An Historical Perspective", in Machine Translation, vol. 18 (2003), pp. 1–72
  • Bernard Scott. Linguistic and computational motivations for the LOGOS machine translation system
  • OpenLogos introduction by Bernard (Bud) Scott in OpenLogos Mt-list (mailing list)
  • Bernard Scott. Translation, Brains and the Computer. A Neurolinguistic Solution to Ambiguity and Complexity in Machine Translation. Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications 2, Springer 2018, ISBN 978-3-319-76628-7, pp. 3–241


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