Full Personality Expression
Full Personality Expression (FPE) also Phi Pi Epsilon was formed in 1962 by Virginia Prince as an organization for heterosexual male crossdressers, based on her earlier Hose & Heels Club. The Alpha chapter was located in California, but new chapters appeared across the USA and Europe. Prince received some criticism for restricting the group's membership to heterosexual (and mostly married) crossdressers and policing of sexual content.
Background
Formed in 1962 by Virginia Prince as an organization for heterosexual male crossdressers, it was based on her earlier Hose & Heels Club which had been located in Los Angeles.[1][2][3][4] It was renamed in 1976, alongside merging with Carol Beecroft's Mademoiselle Sorority (aka. Mamselle), to Tri-Ess (Society for the Second Self).[2]
According to Prince, it was the oldest known transvestite organisation,[2] and was formed from the subscribers to her magazine Transvestia.[5] The initials FP were taken from Prince's blend word femmepersonator for the target audience of the magazine (since she believed that the word transvestite had been corrupted by drag queens and fetishists).[3][6]
Chapters
The Alpha chapter was located in California. Another chapter was located in Boston,[2] and there were likely many more across the United States.
The British wing of FPE, The Beaumont Society, was founded in 1966 by Alice Purnell.[7][8]
Full Personality Expression – Northern Europe (FPE-NE) was founded on 17 November 1966 by Anette Hall, a previous member of FPE. Its activities covered Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Iceland, with regional boards that became independent in 1982.[9][10] From the late 80s, there were disagreements among the members about the association's direction, which lead to the formation of TiD (Transvestite Association in Denmark) in 1994 (which changed its name to Transpersoners i Denmark in 2017, and is still active),[11] and FPE-N (Full Personality Expression – Norway (no), since renamed to FTP-N) in 2000.[12] FPE-NE is thought to have ceased activities by the end of 2002, although it never formally dissolved.[9]
Criticism
Prince received some criticism for restricting the group's membership to heterosexual (and mostly married) crossdressers and policing of sexual content.[13] Letters in The Transvestite note the competition between FPE and the Empathy club, whose magazines "each cut the other down".[14] Empathy Magazine wrote: "If a pair of panties is the only article of apparel you happen to enjoy wearing I am not going to tell you that you cannot be a part of my club because you are a deviate or just a plain fetishist, not a true transvestite as my Competitor, Charles Prince might say."[15]
Legacy
Historian Emily Cousens has discussed the impact that the concept of Full Personality Expression had on trans communities in the 1970s, citing the view that in FPE "androgyny [w]as a combination of gendered traits". This was expressed through graphic design with logos featuring both feminine and masculine motifs combined.[16] Cousens has also argued that FPE was "ideological justification for the vicious distinguishment between politically correct forms of gender variance (transvestism) and more deviant transfeminine embodiments (transsexualism)"[16]
References
- ^ "Virginia Prince & Transvestia – University of Victoria". UVic.ca. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ a b c d "TV GUISE Vol. I, Issue 8 (November, 1991) – Digital Transgender Archive". www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ a b "Transvestia vol. 3 no. 13 – Digital Transgender Archive". www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ Equality, Roots of; Simone, Tom De; Wang, Teresa; Lopez, Melissa; Tran, Diem; Sacher, Andy (2011). Lavender Los Angeles. Arcadia Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7385-7490-5.
- ^ "Femme Mirror, Vol. 22 Iss. 1 (Winter, 1997) – Digital Transgender Archive". www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ "Transvestia vol. 15 no. 88 – Digital Transgender Archive". www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ "Beaumont Society Press Cuttings Collection". Bishopsgate Institute. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
- ^ Playdon, Zoë (2021-11-02). The Hidden Case of Ewan Forbes: And the Unwritten History of the Trans Experience. Simon and Schuster. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-9821-3946-9.
- ^ a b "FPE-NE. Full Personality Expression – Northern Europe. Skandinaviens første transforening stiftet den 17. november 1966. – Vidensbanken om kønsidentitet" (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ Westerbotn, Margareta; Blomberg, Tobias; Renström, Evelina; Saffo, Nina; Schmidt, Lina; Jansson, Britten; Aanesen, Arthur (2017-12). "Transgender people in Swedish healthcare: The experience of being met with ignorance". Nordic Journal of Nursing Research. 37 (4): 194–200. doi:10.1177/2057158517695712. ISSN 2057-1585.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "transpersoner.dk". www.transpersoner.dk. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ "Short Note on Norwegian Trans Organization FTPN – Digital Transgender Archive". www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ "GENDYS Conference 2000 – The Life and Work of Virginia Prince". www.gender.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ "The Transvestite Magazine: Vol. 3 No. 34 – Digital Transgender Archive". www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ "Empathy Magazine (Volume 3 Issue 28) – Digital Transgender Archive". www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ a b Cousens, Emily (2023-10-19). "Androgyny in the Archives: 1970s Trans and Feminist Encounters with the Promise and Politics of Non-Binary". The Graduate History Review. 12: 164–187. doi:10.18357/ghr12202321343. ISSN 1925-2455.