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Addictive behavior

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Addiction and dependence glossary[1][2][3]
  • addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences
  • addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain reward systems
  • dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
  • drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
  • drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
  • physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., delirium tremens and nausea)
  • psychological dependence – dependence that is characterised by emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., anhedonia and anxiety) that affect cognitive functioning.
  • reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
  • rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach
  • sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
  • substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress
  • tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose

An addictive behavior is a behavior, or a stimulus related to a behavior (e.g., sex or food), that is both rewarding and reinforcing, and is associated with the development of an addiction. There are two main forms of addiction: substance use disorders (including alcohol, tobacco, drugs and cannabis) and behavioral addiction.[4] Any activity that activates the reward system in your brain has the potential to cause behavioral addictions (including sex, gambling, eating and shoplifting). The parallels and distinctions between behavioral addictions and other compulsive behavior disorders like bulimia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are still being researched by behavioral scientists.[5]

The Addiction is classified as a chronic brain disorder by the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM).[5] There is a medical model which perceives addictive behavior as a disease that is caused by uncontrollable and recessive drug use overtimes and the addict barely has control of it.[6] There are several reasons why people develop an addiction. A predisposition to the addictive qualities of substances may be inherited by some people, making it a genetic circumstance. Another cause for addictions could be the environment. Whether or not someone develops substance use problems can be influenced by their home and neighborhood, as well as the attitudes of their peers, family, and culture on substance use. Another cause of developing an addiction could be related to mental health issues: over 50% of individuals with substance use disorders have experienced mental health issues at some point in their lives. Even moderate substance usage might exacerbate mental health issues in individuals.The other view is from the moral standpoint which regards addictive behavior as an intentional choice was freely made by the addict.[6]

Compulsion vs addiction

Compulsions are the basis of addictions. Reward is one major distinction between compulsion in addicts and compulsion as it is experienced in obsessive-compulsive disorder. An addiction is, by definition, a form of compulsion, and involves operant reinforcement. For example, dopamine is released in the brain's reward system and is a motive for behaviour (i.e. the compulsions in addiction development through positive reinforcement).[7]

There are two main differences between compulsion and addiction. Compulsion is the need and desire to do something or carry out a task repetitively or persistently. Whereas addiction is defined by the following step after compulsion where an individual takes action on a compulsion to feel pleasure and satisfaction (the action is known as compulsive behavior). Notably, for addicts, compulsive behavior can lead to “persistent changes in the brain structures and functions” which creates a cycle of motivation for their behavior that is absent in OCD.[8]

Compulsions (and compulsive behavior) do not necessarily include pleasure for the individual but addictive behavior does. In contrast, someone who experiences a compulsion as part of obsessive-compulsive disorder may not perceive anything rewarding from acting on the compulsion. Often, it is a way of dealing with the obsessive part of the disorder, resulting in a feeling of relief (i.e., compulsions may also arise through negative reinforcement).[9]

Correlation between different personality traits and addictive behaviors online

The study indicates that there is a difference in personality traits for addictive behaviors that is associated with distinctive online tasks.[10] Namely, higher neuroticism and less conscientiousness have a correlation with internet addiction overall;[10] less conscientiousness and low openness to experience are connected with addiction to video games,[10] neuroticism and extraversion were linked with social networking addiction.[10]

Development of addictive behaviors in adolescents

Drug or alcohol-induced addictive behaviors in adolescents have been linked to models discussing a stronger sensitization of the appetitive response and disrupted inhibitory control.[11] In early adolescence, individuals lack the motivation to control appetitive motivational tendencies.[11] The presence of positive and negative reinforcers seem to increase alcohol consumption, portraying a positive correlation between motives and alcohol consumption.[11] After initiating drinking, there seems to be an increase in appetitive motivation to drink and a negative effect on controlled regulatory processes.[11] The imbalance between these factors lead to increased substance use.[11]  

In addition to the environmental influences, there seems to be a genetic role in adolescent addictive behaviors. Addiction risk alleles can increase the risk of addictive behaviors in teens.[12]  Furthermore, the prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for decision making and executive function, is still developing during adolescence.[13] This creates a vulnerability and the initiation of addictive behavior during this developmental stage can thus affect long-term functioning.[13]

Therapy for addictions

Therapy for addictions is not a cure, but a way of managing addictive behaviors.[14] It is a treatment tailored to the specific triggers and root causes affecting each patient (such as trauma, stress, or anxiety),[15] and that “enables people to counteract addiction's disruptive effects on their brain and behavior and regain control of their lives.” [14]

Various therapeutic approaches exist to assist individuals in modifying addictive behaviors (i.e.: such as yoga therapy, which can “treat or prevent addiction”),[16]. However, individuals seeking therapy for addictive behaviors may benefit significantly from consulting with a therapist recognized by medical institutions for their expertise in addiction or compulsion.[15]

While medical interventions may be necessary for physical detoxification in certain cases, “addiction therapy or addiction counseling is focused on treating psychological addiction”. [17] For instance, individuals may engage in addictive behaviors to cope with “historical trauma”, necessitating a therapist to use Trauma Therapy (TF-CBT) or Exposure Therapy to address past issues with said patient. [17] Alternatively, for those using addictive behaviors to cope with current events, therapy addiction may focus on “learning stress management techniques and emotional regulation skills”, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).[17] In other cases, when addiction is intertwined with mental health issues, therapists employ an integrated approach, addressing conditions (i.e.: depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder) alongside the addiction through procedures such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) or Hypnotherapy.[17]

The use of these treatments is increasing in the medical field, as “a shift is occurring to mainstream the delivery of early intervention and treatment services into general health care practice”.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41 ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
  2. ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
  3. ^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMC 6135257. PMID 26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
    Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.
  4. ^ "Top 10 Most Common Addictions in the U.S." Addiction Center. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
  5. ^ a b "Addiction". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  6. ^ a b Henden, Edmund; Melberg, Hans Olav; Røgeberg, Ole Jørgen (2013). "Addiction: Choice or Compulsion?". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 4: 77. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00077. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 3736117. PMID 23966955.
  7. ^ Solinas, Marcello (January 30, 2020). "Dopamine and addiction: What have we learned from 40 years of research". Journal of Neural Transmission. 126 (4).
  8. ^ Henden, Edmund; Melberg, Hans Olav; Røgeberg, Ole Jørgen (2013-08-07). "Addiction: Choice or Compulsion?". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 4: 77. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00077. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 3736117. PMID 23966955.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ "NIMH » Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: When Unwanted Thoughts or Repetitive Behaviors Take Over". www.nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  10. ^ a b c d Wang, Chong-Wen; Ho, Rainbow T.H.; Chan, Cecilia L.W.; Tse, Samson (March 2015). "Exploring personality characteristics of Chinese adolescents with internet-related addictive behaviors: Trait differences for gaming addiction and social networking addiction". Addictive Behaviors. 42: 32–35. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.039. ISSN 0306-4603. PMID 25462651.
  11. ^ a b c d e Wiers, Reinout W.; Bartholow, Bruce D.; van den Wildenberg, Esther; Thush, Carolien; Engels, Rutger C.M.E.; Sher, Kenneth J.; Grenard, Jerry; Ames, Susan L.; Stacy, Alan W. (February 2007). "Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: A review and a model". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 86 (2): 263–283. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.021. ISSN 0091-3057. PMID 17116324. S2CID 18979706.
  12. ^ Blum, Kenneth; Febo, Marcelo; Smith, David E.; Roy, A. Kenison; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Cronjé, Frans J.; Femino, John; Agan, Gozde; Fratantonio, James L.; Pandey, Subhash C.; Badgaiyan, Rajendra D.; Gold, Mark S. (2015-05-01). "Neurogenetic and Epigenetic Correlates of Adolescent Predisposition to and Risk for Addictive Behaviors as a Function of Prefrontal Cortex Dysregulation". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 25 (4): 286–292. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0146. ISSN 1044-5463. PMC 4442554. PMID 25919973.
  13. ^ a b Hammond, Christopher J.; Mayes, Linda C.; Potenza, Marc N. (April 2014). "Neurobiology of Adolescent Substance Use and Addictive Behaviors: Prevention and Treatment Implications". Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews. 25 (1): 15–32. ISSN 1934-4287. PMC 4446977. PMID 25022184.
  14. ^ a b "Treatment and Recovery I National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)". nida.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ a b Chabert, Catherine (2015-03-04), "Obsessions, addictions, compulsions : contraintes narcissiques et fantasme d'inceste", Les travaux forcés de la répétition, Petite bibliothèque de psychanalyse, Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 19–40, doi:10.3917/puf.andre.2015.03.0019, ISBN 9782130653455, retrieved 2022-04-22
  16. ^ Khanna, Surbhi; Greeson, Jeffrey M. (2013-06-01). "A narrative review of yoga and mindfulness as complementary therapies for addiction". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 21 (3): 244–252. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.01.008. ISSN 0965-2299.
  17. ^ a b c d "Addiction Counselling". Psychology Edmonton Psychology - Firefly Counselling. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  18. ^ "EARLY INTERVENTION, TREATMENT, AND MANAGEMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS", Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, retrieved 2023-11-13{{citation}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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