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Fall of Suharto

Political Impact

The fall of Suharto in 1998 resulted in significant political shifts in Indonesia. Figures like Siswono Yudo Husodo, who was not only the Chairman of the Indonesian Farmers Association but also represented the "Business Group" in the People's Consultative Assembly, for instance, saw relationships change dramatically post-Suharto. The political scene was reshaped as the Constitution of Indonesia underwent amendments that resulted in changes to all branches of government and introduced additional human rights provisions.

Significant political events like the 2014 Indonesian legislative election, the first free and democratic legislative election since Suharto's resignation, highlighted the vast changes in Indonesia's political landscape. This period also saw individuals such as Nugraha Besoes running for the People's Representative Council in the Indonesian legislative election. Besoes, along with several others, failed to secure enough votes, emphasizing the divergence in political interests following the fall of Suharto.

Other indications of the political landscape's shift were evident in prominent figures like Akbar Tandjung, the chairman of Golkar from 1998 to 2004, who helped to rebuild the party following Suharto's resignation. During this time in Indonesia, foreign observers like Rory Stewart, a British representative to Montenegro, witnessed firsthand the political aftermath of the fall of Suharto.

Upheaval and Resignation

In the lead-up to Suharto's resignation, various Indonesian leaders like Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono grappled with the mounting pressures for Suharto to step down. Despite initial resistance, the pressure eventually led to Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. A significant consequence was the revival of the Indonesian National Party, emphasizing the immense political upheaval caused by the fall of Suharto. Despite Suharto's resignation, political figures like Yusril Ihza Mahendra, who was employed as a speechwriter for Suharto, remained pivotal in the political scene, having been involved in the drafting of Suharto's resignation speech.

Suharto's fall sent shockwaves through Indonesia, prompting significant reforms which were spearheaded by new political bodies such as the People's Consultative Assembly and the National Awakening Party. In contrast to the preceding New Order regime, the political reforms initiated after Suharto's resignation aimed to transform the Indonesian political landscape into a "presidential with parliamentary characteristics" system.

International Relations and National Affairs

Internationally, the fall of Suharto had widespread implications. In East Timor, the fall of Suharto was seen as the beginning of freedom from Indonesian rule. Both the Indonesian occupation of East Timor and the subsequent 1999 East Timorese crisis landmarked a period of insurmountable upheaval and change. In the Lombok province of Indonesia, despite the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and the fall of Suharto triggering a decade of setbacks, these events resulted in a true democratic transition for Indonesia overall.

Domestically, Suharto's resignation impacted major Indonesian cities such as Dili, where political tensions and economic instability had been brewing for years. Other sectors in Indonesia were not immune to these changes: the film industry, symbolized by the release of the film The Year of Living Dangerously (film), experienced a wave of newly-granted creative liberties in the aftermath of the Suharto era.

Fallout and Aftermath

The end of the Suharto regime sparked enquiries into alleged corruption and abuses of power. The scrutiny faced by figures like José Abílio Osório Soares, the last governor of the province of Timor Timur, was emblematic of the nation's efforts to rectify past wrongs. Suharto's name was synonymous with the power and influence of his family, highlighted by his son, Tommy Suharto, who faced allegations surrounding financial manipulations.

In juxtaposition to the turmoil, the fall of Suharto also sparked cultural renewal. The Cinema of Indonesia experienced a revival with an influx of young filmmakers reconstructing the nation’s cinematic identity as part of the broader wave of democratization. Meanwhile, academics like sociopolitical scholar Wiranto Arismunandar witnessed the comprehensive reform of the nation’s educational institutions in the post-Suharto era. The fall of Suharto demonstrated not only the vulnerability of a strong regime, but also the resilience of a nation energetically working towards political, social, and cultural renewal.

Medan

Geography and Cityscape

Medan Maimun and Medan Kota are two of the city's 21 districts. As the metropolis of North Sumatra, Medan is among the five major metropolitan cities in Indonesia. Medan is noted for its blend of cultural and modern structures that contribute to its vast cityscape. The city houses multiple historic mansions like the Governor's house in Medan, a colonial-era building initially used by Dutch East Indies officials. Additionally, high-rise buildings in Medan are flourishing due to the eased construction restrictions after the opening of Kuala Namu International Airport. Preserving its colonial heritage, Medan also showcases historic buildings with Western-centric architecture such as those listed under List of colonial buildings in Medan.

Education and Personality Profiles

Medan has a variety of educational institutions from district level to higher education. Established universities in the city include State University of Medan and State Islamic University of North Sumatra. Other private universities, such as the Methodist University of Indonesia, offer an alternative to state education. The city even hosts an international school named Medan Independent School, which was established in 1969. Several notable persons traced their roots to Medan; Sutan Sjahrir, a prominent Indonesian nationalist came from an ethnic-Minangkabau family in the region. Likewise, Chairil Anwar, a renowned poet and Supeno Surija, a scientist and writer were born and raised in Medan. The city also housed figures from various disciplines including a football coach Jaya Hartono and a singer, Indah Nevertari.

Socio-Political History

Medan's historical narratives include political changes and pivotal events that influenced the city's socio-cultural landscape. Historical figures like Roos Telaumbanua who served as a Mayor played a significant role in shaping the local political scene. The city was also marked by violent civil unrest, as insinuated from the role of Medan in the wider chronicle of the May 1998 riots of Indonesia. The complex interaction of politics, society, and culture in the city is reflected in its architecture, media scene (as depicted in the story of Andjar Asmara, a Medan-based author and magazine founder), and the vibrant lives of its residents.

Transportation and Infrastructure

Medan is an important transportation junction and a transit stop on several significant travel routes. It is connected to other Indonesian provinces and neighboring countries via various airline services operating at Kualanamu International Airport, the third-largest airport in Indonesia. The city showcases numerous transportation mediums, including the old Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter known as Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter. Besides airway connections, Medan has a well-developed railway system with its main railway station, Medan railway station, offering both intercity services and access to the Kualanamu Airport.

Trapdoor

Trapdoor in Architecture and Design

A trapdoor is a door set into a floor or ceiling, often found in historical or specialized structures. In the United Kingdom, for example, the Execution chamber or the "Execution Suite" used to feature a large trapdoor, usually double-leaved, as part of its design. These trapdoors, some even single-leaved at older chambers such as at Oxford, served in setting up the execution mechanisms.

Trapdoors are also found in less sinister contexts, such as 5 North St, a 400-year-old building with a wine cellar accessible through a trapdoor in the women's bathroom. In Hobo's, a restaurant, access to the tunnels was through a trapdoor and stairs in the basement. Similarly, in Mountaintop Motel Massacre, a film, trapdoors were used as connectors to a network of hidden tunnels.

In the world of toys and board games, such as in Green Ghost, trapdoors covered boxes containing various items, providing fun surprises for players. In architecture, trapdoors could also provide access to hidden compartments or rooms, ranging from small closets to large basements. In castles like the Clitheroe Castle, trapdoors were thought to provide access to different areas of the structure.

Trapdoor in Marine and Aerial Transportation

Trapdoors played important roles in the design and operations of many types of sea vessels and airborne vehicles. On sea vessels like the SS William S. Ladd, SS John P. Gaines, and SS John Burke, large hatches above cargo holds served as trapdoors allowing the quick loading or unloading of cargo. Similarly, the MV Rocknes (2001) was designed with hatches, serving as trapdoors, over its holds for loading cargo.

In airships like SM U-12 (Austria-Hungary), unique cloverleaf-shaped design hatches that rotated on a central axis served as trapdoors for torpedo tubes. However, these trapdoors didn’t prove efficient in other designs such as the SM U-21 (Austria-Hungary), whose main hatch's seal failure led to long durations of inaction.

Trapdoors have also been used for comedic effect in animation such as in Box Car Blues, where Bosko, the protagonist, uses a trapdoor to navigate and perform actions.

Trapdoor in Theatre and Cinema

Trapdoors have had a significant influence on theatre and film, especially in the creation of theatrical special effects or stunts. Many theatres, such as the American Airlines Theatre and Tibbits Opera House, were equipped with trapdoors to easily shift scenery or produce varied effects.

Trapdoors have a large presence in cinema as well, for example in The Infernal Cake Walk and The Vanishing Lady, both by Georges Méliès, where trapdoors were used to carry out stunts and scenes that seemed magical or impossible.

During the 17th-century Restoration period, a genre called Restoration spectacular, began to feature trapdoors extensively. These "machine plays" used extensive special effects, such as trapdoors to create illusions, and produced spectacular imagery like "flying" actors and fireworks.

Finally, in literature, trapdoors were featured prominently in Gothic fiction, for example, in Cajetan Tschink's works where séances were simulated using trapdoors among other stage effects.

Trapdoor in Game Shows

In modern game shows, trapdoors have been used to add excitement and anticipation. In shows like The Million Peso Money Drop, 5 Million Money Drop, and The Million Pound Drop, contestants have to place money on trapdoors representing different answers to questions. If they choose correctly, they retain the money placed on the correct answer. However, incorrect answers lead to the trapdoor's opening, and the money is dropped and lost.

Another variation of trapdoor use in game shows is in Who's Still Standing?, where contestants stand on trapdoors which open if they answer a question incorrectly, causing them to drop out of the game. Similarly, in Prvi glas Srbije, an act that receives a majority of red signals from the judges sees the trapdoor beneath them open, their time on the show thereby ending.

Dialectic

Interpersonal and Intrapsychic Theories

The concept of dialectic finds significance in multiple theories focusing on the interpersonal and intrapsychic dimensions of the self. A pertinent example is found in Relational dialectics, a theory on interpersonal communication about close personal ties. Proponents Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery highlight the interplay and struggles between contrary tendencies in relationships, effectively illustrating the concept of dialectic. The theory espouses four primary assumptions revolving around tensions felt by individuals resulting from conflicting desires, the dynamic nature of relationships, and the incessant presence of contradictions. Dialectical tensions, often illustrated with proverbs demonstrating contradictory tendencies (e.g., "opposites attract" versus "birds of a feather flock together"), are not inherently problem. They instead create a dialog for understanding the intricate dynamics between two parties.

Robert Kegan's The Evolving Self synthesizes traditions in psychology, making significant use of dialectical philosophy. Moreover, Consubstantiation suggests the dialectic of unity and difference, underlining the dialectical interaction between individuals and society. Similarly, Historical institutionalism echoes the dialectical view of history advancing not in a strict linear fashion, but through conditions leading to specific trajectories instead of others.

Lastly, Dialectical research represents a qualitative approach that employs dialectic method to explore truth by interrogating competing ideas and perspectives.

Philosophy and Argumentation Theories

Dialectic is a foundational concept in the study of argumentation, philosophy, and associated disciplines. Fundamental philosophical methods such as questioning, dialectic, rational argument, systematic presentation, and logistic argumentation have historical origins in Argumentation theory. Similarly, Applied philosophy relies on these methods to probe practical philosophical problems across various domains ranging from environment and science to politics and education.

Logic and rationality positions dialectic as a discourse between two or more people holding different views, wishing to establish truth through reasoned arguments. The dialectic method for searching arguments were mentioned by Aristotle in his work Inventio and later summarized in Topics (Aristotle).

Considered in discussions of Western philosophy, dialectic embraces the interaction of opposites for a higher unity and analyses the contradictions within the society.

Historical Materialism and Marxism

Dialectic as a concept holds a crucial position in Marxist philosophy. An interesting take on it arises in Karl Marx's historical materialism, which is influenced by Hegel's claim to view reality and history dialectically but champions the material over the ideal. While Hegel positioned the "spirit" as driving history, Marx criticized the mystification involved, focusing on humanity and its physical actions as the real forces shaping the world.

Marxist humanism, too, incorporates dialectics, pointing to its presence in Marx's working notes for Capital, Grundrisse. These notes show how Marx's early concerns about alienation and Hegelian dialectic influenced the formation of his seminal work.

Scholars and theologists like Engels, Lenin, and Roman Rozdolsky, further developed Marx's dialectical philosophy into dialectical materialism. They adapted the philosophy of dialectic to socio-political and economic contexts in Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism, Social Alienation and Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.

Dialectic in Religious Contexts

An essential concept within several theological traditions, dialectic plays a critical role in religious paradigms. For example, in the "Summa," a 12th-century theological work mentioned in Summa, dialectic came to be utilized as a means of elucidating philosophical and theological truths.

In Islamic theology, a discipline known as ʿIlm al-Kalām or Islamic philosophy, uses dialectic to seek theological principles. Similarly crystalised as kalām in Aqidah, Early Islamic philosophy, and Islamic schools and branches, dialectic serves as a method for seeking theological knowledge through debate and argument.

In Christianity, Christianity in the 20th century, dialectic process associated with continental philosophy was used to navigate the course of liberal Christianity. Theologian Lambert Daneau also utilised the scholastic method of dialectic to expand the domains of secular knowledge. In the history of Christian theology, the tools of dialectic were employed in the cathedral schools and their successors to comment upon, explain, and develop theological principles, as described in History of Christian theology.