Push and pull factors in migration
Push and pull factors in migration according to Everett S. Lee are categories that demographers use to analyze human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.[1][2]
Push factors:
- Not enough jobs
- Few opportunities
- Inadequate conditions
- Desertification
- Famine or drought
- Political fear of persecution
- Slavery or forced labour
- Poor medical care
- Loss of wealth
- Natural disasters
- Death threats
- Desire for more political or religious freedom
- Pollution
- Poor housing
- Landlord/tenant issues
- Bullying
- Mentality
- Discrimination
- Poor chances of marrying
- Condemned housing (radon gas, etc.)
- War
- Radiation
- Disease
Pull factors:
- Job opportunities
- Better living conditions
- The feeling of having more political or religious freedom
- Enjoyment
- Education
- Better medical care
- Attractive climates
- Security
- Family links
- Industry
- Better chances of marrying
- ^ Lee, Everett S. (1966). "A Theory of Migration". Demography. 3 (1): 47–57. doi:10.2307/2060063. JSTOR 2060063. S2CID 46976641.
- ^ Guido Dorigo, and Waldo Tobler, "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 online