Specific quantity
In the natural sciences, including physiology and engineering, a specific quantity generally refers to an intensive quantity obtained by dividing an extensive quantity of interest by mass; in this case, it is also known as a mass-specific quantity.[1] For example, specific leaf area is leaf area divided by leaf mass.
Another kind of specific quantity, termed named specific quantity, is a generalization of the original concept. The divisor quantity is not restricted to mass, and name of the divisor is usually placed before "specific" in the full term (e.g., "thrust-specific fuel consumption").
Named and unnamed specific quantities are given for the terms below.
Mass-specific quantities
Per unit of mass (short form of mass-specific):
- Specific absorption rate, power absorbed per unit mass of tissue at a given frequency
- Specific activity, radioactivity in becquerels per unit mass
- Specific energy, defined as energy per unit mass
- Specific enzyme activity, activity per milligram of total protein
- Specific internal energy, internal energy per unit mass
- Specific kinetic energy, kinetic energy of an object per unit of mass
- Specific enthalpy, enthalpy per unit mass
- Specific force, defined as the non-gravitational force per unit mass
- Specific growth rate, increase in cell mass per unit cell mass per unit time
- Specific heat capacity, heat capacity per unit mass, unless another unit is named, such as mole-specific heat capacity, or volume-specific heat capacity
- Specific latent heat, latent heat per unit mass
- Specific leaf area, leaf area per unit dry leaf mass
- Specific modulus, a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material
- Specific orbital energy, orbital energy per unit mass
- Specific power, per unit of mass (or volume or area)
- Specific relative angular momentum, of two orbiting bodies is angular momentum per unit reduced mass, or the vector product of the relative position and the relative velocity
- Specific surface area, per unit of mass, volume, or cross-sectional area
- Specific volume, volume per unit mass, i.e. the reciprocal of density
Other specific quantities
Per unit of other type. The dividing unit is sometimes added before the term "specific", and sometimes omitted.
- Brake specific fuel consumption, fuel consumption per unit of braking power
- Thrust specific fuel consumption, fuel consumption per unit of thrust
- Specific acid catalysis, in which the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the protonated solvent molecules
- Specific acoustic impedance, ratio of sound pressure p to particle velocity v at a single frequency
- Specific capacity of a water well, quantity of water produced per (length) unit of drawdown
- Specific conductance, conductance per meter. Identical to electrical conductivity
- Specific detectivity of a photodetector
- Specific fuel consumption (disambiguation). Fuel consumption per unit thrust, or per unit power. Type defined as above.
- Specific gas constant, per molar mass
- Specific gravity, relative density with respect to water (density per water density)
- Specific heat of vaporization, enthalpy of vaporization, vaporizing heat per mole
- Specific humidity, mass of water vapor per unit mass dry air
- Specific impulse, impulse (momentum change) per unit of propellant (either per unit of propellant mass, or per unit of propellant by Earth-weight)
- Specific mass, actually meaning volume-specific mass, or mass per unit volume. Same as density
- Specific melting heat, enthalpy of fusion; melting heat per mole
- Specific modulus, elastic modulus per mass density
- Specific properties of a substance
- Specific resistance (disambiguation), several scientific meanings
- Specific rotation of a chemical, angle of optical rotation α of plane-polarized light per standard sample with a path length of one decimeter and a sample concentration of one gram per millilitre
- Specific speed, unitless figure of merit used to classify pump impellers (pump-specific) and turbines (turbine-specific). Ratio of performance against reference pump that needs one unit of speed to pump one unit volume per one unit hydraulic head pressure. For a turbine, it is performance measured against a reference turbine that develops one unit of power per one unit speed per one unit of hydraulic head.
- Specific storage, specific yield, and specific capacity, characterize the capacity of an aquifer to release groundwater from storage per unit decline in hydraulic head pressure
- Specific strength, material strength (pressure required at failure) per unit material density
- Specific surface area, per unit of mass, volume, or cross-sectional area
- Specific surface energy, free energy per unit surface-area
- Specific thrust, thrust per unit air intake rate
- Specific weight, weight per unit volume
See also
References
- ^ Cohen, E. R.; et al. (2007). IUPAC Green Book (PDF) (3rd ed.). Cambridge: IUPAC and RSC Publishing. pp. 6 (20 of 250 in PDF file). ISBN 978-0-85404-433-7.