Low-functioning autism
| Higher support needs autism | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
| Symptoms | Lack of social skills, extremely impaired communication, repetitive behavior, self-harm, severe intellectual disability |
| Complications | Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, bullying, self-harm[1] |
| Usual onset | By age two or three[2][3] |
| Duration | Long-term |
| Causes | Genetic and environmental factors |
| Diagnostic method | Based on behavior and developmental history |
| Differential diagnosis | Intellectual disability, Fragile X, anxiety |
| Management | Behavioral therapy, speech therapy, psychotropic medication[4][5][6] |
| Medication | Antipsychotics, antidepressants, stimulants (associated symptoms)[7][8][9] |
 | It has been suggested that this article be merged into Classic autism. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2022. |
Low-functioning autism (LFA) is a degree of autism marked by difficulties with social communication and interaction, challenging behavior, and differences in social or emotional reciprocity. Sleep problems, aggression, stereotypical, and self-injurious behavior are also common symptoms.[10] LFA is not a recognized diagnosis in the DSM-5 or ICD-10, as neither subdivides autism based on intellectual capabilities.
Other terms include Kanner's syndrome, Kannerian autism (both named after Leo Kanner), and classic autism.[11] The terms overlap with severe autism and profound autism, as opposed to mild or moderate, which do not necessarily correlate with severe and profound levels of intellectual disability, where profound is the most severe level.[12][13]
Criticism of functioning labels
Section 'Criticism of functioning labels' not found
See also
- High-functioning autism
- Nonverbal autism, often associated with low functioning
References
- ^ "Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ "NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder". nimh.nih.gov. October 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
DSM5was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Myers SM, Johnson CP (November 2007). "Management of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1162–82. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. PMID 17967921.
- ^ Sanchack, KE; Thomas, CA (15 December 2016). "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American Family Physician. 94 (12): 972–79. PMID 28075089.
- ^ Sukhodolsky, DG; Bloch, MH; Panza, KE; Reichow, B (November 2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 132 (5): e1341–50. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1193. PMC 3813396. PMID 24167175.
- ^ Ji N, Findling RL (March 2015). "An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 28 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132. PMID 25602248. S2CID 206141453.
- ^ Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA (June 2007). "Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 17 (3): 348–55. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303. PMID 17630868.
- ^ Jaeggi, S. M.; Buschkuehl, M.; Jonides, J.; Perrig, W. J. (2008). "From the Cover: Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (19): 6829–33. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.6829J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801268105. PMC 2383929. PMID 18443283.
- ^ Brambilla, P (2003). "Brain anatomy and development in autism: Review of structural MRI studies". Brain Research Bulletin. 61 (6): 557–569. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.06.001. PMID 14519452. S2CID 23560500.
- ^ Boucher, Jill (13 November 2008). The Autistic Spectrum: Characteristics, Causes and Practical Issues. SAGE. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4462-0533-4.
... what may be a major change in terminology over the next decade. This major change, if it comes about, will involve using the word 'autism' to apply only to what has been variously termed Kanner's syndrome, classic autism, autistic disorder, or low-functioning autism, whilst using 'Asperger syndrome' synonymously with high-functioning autism. ... A demotion of the term ... to refer only to one subtype of ASD is likely to be slow to percolate into popular usage, if it ever does.
The author is a professor of developmental psychology at City University in London. - ^ Coleman, Mary; Gillberg, Christopher (2011). The Autisms. Oxford University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-999629-2.
For extremely low-functioning children with clinically estimated IQs of about 30 or under, [a test is suitable for those with] autism with severe and profound levels of mental retardation/intellectual disability.
- ^ Thurm, Audrey; et al. (30 July 2019). "State of the Field: Differentiating Intellectual Disability From Autism Spectrum Disorder". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 526. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00526. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 6683759. PMID 31417436.