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Low-functioning autism

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Higher support needs autism
SpecialtyPsychiatry
SymptomsLack of social skills, extremely impaired communication, repetitive behavior, self-harm, severe intellectual disability
ComplicationsSocial isolation, employment problems, family stress, bullying, self-harm[1]
Usual onsetBy age two or three[2][3]
DurationLong-term
CausesGenetic and environmental factors
Diagnostic methodBased on behavior and developmental history
Differential diagnosisIntellectual disability, Fragile X, anxiety
ManagementBehavioral therapy, speech therapy, psychotropic medication[4][5][6]
MedicationAntipsychotics, antidepressants, stimulants (associated symptoms)[7][8][9]

Low-functioning autism (LFA) is a degree of autism marked by difficulties with social communication and interaction, challenging behavior, and differences in social or emotional reciprocity. Sleep problems, aggression, stereotypical, and self-injurious behavior are also common symptoms.[10] LFA is not a recognized diagnosis in the DSM-5 or ICD-10, as neither subdivides autism based on intellectual capabilities.

Other terms include Kanner's syndrome, Kannerian autism (both named after Leo Kanner), and classic autism.[11] The terms overlap with severe autism and profound autism, as opposed to mild or moderate, which do not necessarily correlate with severe and profound levels of intellectual disability, where profound is the most severe level.[12][13]

Characterization

Those who display symptoms for LFA usually have "impairments in all the three areas of psychopathology: reciprocal social interaction, communication, and restricted, stereotyped, repetitive behaviour".[14]

Severe impairment of social skills can be seen in people with LFA.[15] This could include a lack of eye contact,[16] inadequate body language and a lack of emotional or physical response to others' behaviors and emotions. These social impairments can cause difficulty in relationships.[10]

Communication impairments shown in people with LFA include lack of communication (both oral communication – i.e. nonverbal autism – and body language), repetitive use of words or phrases, and lack of imaginative play skills.[10] They also may respond only to very direct external social interaction from others. Specific behavioral impairments that may be exhibited by a person with LFA include adherence to nonfunctional rituals or routines, repetitive motor functions such as hand flapping or complex whole body movements, and restrictive or obsessive patterns of interest that are abnormal. Other symptoms may include preoccupation with sensory elements of play materials such as their odor, feel, or noise they generate.[3]

Behaviour

An association between high-functioning autism (HFA) and criminal behavior is not completely characterized. Several studies have shown that the features associated with HFA may increase the probability of engaging in criminal behavior.[17][18] It is unclear if the results from these studies on HFA can be extrapolated to LFA.

Criticism of functioning labels

Section 'Criticism of functioning labels' not found

See also

References

  1. ^ "Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  2. ^ "NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder". nimh.nih.gov. October 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  3. ^ a b "DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria". Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  4. ^ Myers SM, Johnson CP (November 2007). "Management of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1162–82. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. PMID 17967921.
  5. ^ Sanchack, KE; Thomas, CA (15 December 2016). "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American Family Physician. 94 (12): 972–79. PMID 28075089.
  6. ^ Sukhodolsky, DG; Bloch, MH; Panza, KE; Reichow, B (November 2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 132 (5): e1341–50. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1193. PMC 3813396. PMID 24167175.
  7. ^ Ji N, Findling RL (March 2015). "An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 28 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132. PMID 25602248. S2CID 206141453.
  8. ^ Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA (June 2007). "Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 17 (3): 348–55. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303. PMID 17630868.
  9. ^ Jaeggi, S. M.; Buschkuehl, M.; Jonides, J.; Perrig, W. J. (2008). "From the Cover: Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (19): 6829–33. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.6829J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801268105. PMC 2383929. PMID 18443283.
  10. ^ a b c Brambilla, P (2003). "Brain anatomy and development in autism: Review of structural MRI studies". Brain Research Bulletin. 61 (6): 557–569. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.06.001. PMID 14519452. S2CID 23560500.
  11. ^ Boucher, Jill (13 November 2008). The Autistic Spectrum: Characteristics, Causes and Practical Issues. SAGE. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4462-0533-4. ... what may be a major change in terminology over the next decade. This major change, if it comes about, will involve using the word 'autism' to apply only to what has been variously termed Kanner's syndrome, classic autism, autistic disorder, or low-functioning autism, whilst using 'Asperger syndrome' synonymously with high-functioning autism. ... A demotion of the term ... to refer only to one subtype of ASD is likely to be slow to percolate into popular usage, if it ever does. The author is a professor of developmental psychology at City University in London.
  12. ^ Coleman, Mary; Gillberg, Christopher (2011). The Autisms. Oxford University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-999629-2. For extremely low-functioning children with clinically estimated IQs of about 30 or under, [a test is suitable for those with] autism with severe and profound levels of mental retardation/intellectual disability.
  13. ^ Thurm, Audrey; et al. (30 July 2019). "State of the Field: Differentiating Intellectual Disability From Autism Spectrum Disorder". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 526. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00526. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 6683759. PMID 31417436.
  14. ^ "What is Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorders?". US Autism and Asperger Association. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  15. ^ "Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder - ASD): Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder". Otsimo. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  16. ^ "Why do those with autism avoid eye contact? Imaging studies reveal overactivation of subcortical brain structures in response to direct gaze". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  17. ^ Mazzone, Luigi; Ruta, Liliana; Reale, Laura (2012). "Psychiatric comorbidities in asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: Diagnostic challenges". Annals of General Psychiatry. 11 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-11-16. PMC 3416662. PMID 22731684.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Lerner, Matthew D.; Haque, Omar Sultan; Northrup, Eli C.; Lawer, Lindsay; Bursztajn, Harold J. (2012). "Emerging Perspectives on Adolescents and Young Adults With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders, Violence, and Criminal Law". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 40 (2): 177–90. PMID 22635288.
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