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Non-cryptographic hash function

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The non-cryptographic hash functions (NCHFs[1]) are hash functions intended for applications that do not need the rigorous security requirements of the cryptographic hash functions (e.g., preimage resistance) and therefore can be faster less resource-intensive.[2] Typical examples of CPU-optimized non-cryptographic hashes include FNV-1a, Murmur3.[3]

Applications and requirements

Among the typical uses of the non-cryptographic hash functions are bloom filters, hash tables, count sketches. These applications require, in addition to speed, uniform distribution and avalanche properties.[3] Collision resistance is an additional feature that can be useful against hash flooding attacks; simple NCHFs, like the Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), have essentially no collision resistance[4] and thus cannot be used with an input open to manipulation by an attacker.

NCHFs are used in diverse systems: lexical analyzers, compilers, databases, communication networks, videogames, DNS servers, filesystems - anywhere in computing where there is need to find the information very quickly (preferably in the O(1) time, which will also achieve a perfect scalability).[5]

Estébanez et al. list the "most important" NCHFs:[6]

  • Fowler–Noll–Vo hash function (FNV) was created by Glenn Fowler and Phong Vo in 1991 with contributions from Landon Curt Noll. FNV with its two variants, FNV-1 and FNV-1a, is very widely used in software that ranges from Linux and FreeBSD OSes, DNS servers, NFS to Twitter, PlayStation2, and Xbox console;
  • lookup3 was created by Robert Jenkins. Hash is also widely used and can be found in PostgreSQL, Linux, Perl, Ruby, and Infoseek;
  • SuperFastHash was created by Paul Hsieh using ideas from FNV and lookup3, with one of the goals being the high degree of avalanche effect. The hash is used in WebKit (part of Safari and Google Chrome);
  • MurmurHash2 was created by Austin Appleby in 2008 and is used in libmemcached, Maatkit, and Apache Hadoop;
  • DJBX33A (“Daniel J. Bernstein, Times 33 with Addition”). This very simple multiplication and addition function was proposed by Daniel J. Bernstein. It is fast and efficient during initialization. Many programming environments based on PHP 5, Python, ASP.NET use variants of this hash. The hash is easy to flood, exposing the servers;
  • BuzHash was created by Robert Uzgalis in 1992. It is designed around a substitution table and can tolerate extremely skewed distributions on the input;
  • DEK is and early multiplicative hash based on proposal of Donald E. Knuth, one of the oldest hashes that are still being used.

Design

In order to minimize the hash collisions, a typical NCHF is using the Merkle–Damgård construction.[7]

Non-cryptographic hash functions optimized for software frequently involve the multiplication operation. Since in hardware multiplication is resource-intensive and frequency-limiting, ASIC-friendlier designs had been proposed, including SipHash (that has an additional benefit of being able to use a secret key for message authentication), NSGAhash and XORhash. Although technically the lightweight cryptography can be used for the same applications, the latency of its algorithms is usually way too high due to a large number of rounds.[3] Sateesan et al. propose using the reduced-round versions of the lightweight hashes and ciphers as non-cryptographic hash functions.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ Estébanez et al. 2013.
  2. ^ a b Sateesan et al. 2023, p. 1.
  3. ^ a b c Sateesan et al. 2023, p. 2.
  4. ^ Stemp 2011.
  5. ^ Estébanez et al. 2013, p. 1.
  6. ^ Estébanez et al. 2013, pp. 3–4.
  7. ^ Estébanez et al. 2013, p. 2.

Sources

  • Sateesan, Arish; Biesmans, Jelle; Claesen, Thomas; Vliegen, Jo; Mentens, Nele (April 2023). "Optimized algorithms and architectures for fast non-cryptographic hash functions in hardware". Microprocessors and Microsystems. 98: 104782. doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2023.104782. ISSN 0141-9331.
  • Estébanez, César; Saez, Yago; Recio, Gustavo; Isasi, Pedro (28 January 2013). "Performance of the most common non-cryptographic hash functions" (PDF). Software: Practice and Experience. 44 (6): 681–698. doi:10.1002/spe.2179. ISSN 0038-0644.
  • Stamp, Mark (8 November 2011). "Non-Cryptographic Hashes". Information Security: Principles and Practice (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-02796-7. OCLC 1039294381.
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Category:Hash function (non-cryptographic)

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