25C-NBOMe (NBOMe-2C-C, 2C-C-NBOMe, Cimbi-82) is a psychedelic drug and derivative of the psychedelic phenethylamine2C-C. 25C-NBOMe appeared on online vendor sites in 2010 but was not reported in the literature until 2011.[1] It acts as a potent agonist of the 5HT2Areceptor,[2] and has been studied in its 11Cradiolabelled form as a potential ligand for mapping the distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain, using positron emission tomography (PET).[1][3] Multiple deaths have occurred from usage of 25C-NBOMe due to the ease of accidental overdose. The long-term toxic effects of the drug have not been researched.
History
25C-NBOMe is derived from the psychedelic phenethylamine 2C-C by substitution on the amine with a 2-methoxybenzyl group. 25C-NBOMe is a clumpy white powder with a notably bitter and metallic taste. 25C-NBOMe has been found on blotter mimics sold as LSD.[4]
Dosage
25C-NBOMe is extremely potent and the effects of the drug increase greatly within a small window of dosage adjustment. Overdose may occur at as little as double an average dose. With inaccurate dosing of street blotter paper, when mistaken for LSD, or when taken as a powder or liquid, this has resulted in multiple accidental deaths.[5]
One study has shown that 25C-NBOMe blotters have 'hotspots' of the drug and the dosage is not evenly applied over the surface of the paper, which could lead to overdose.[6] Sublingually, the threshold for the onset of hallucinogenic effects reportedly is about 100–250 μg, with mild effects at 250–450, strong effects at 450–800, and very strong effects over 800 μg.[7]
NBOMe-substituted compounds have a diminished absorption rate passing through mucus membranes, but generally remain inactive when taken orally. Buccal, sublingual or insufflated routes of administration are all viable options. Absorption rate buccally and sublingually can be increased when complexed with HPBCD complexing sugar, however the most efficient is nasal administration, which shortens the duration while increasing intensity, but has been attributed to several overdoses and deaths.[8]
Effects
Desired
strong open- and closed-eye visuals, including trails, color shifts, brightening, etc.
Studies on 25x-NBx family of compounds demonstrated that the substance exhibit neurotoxic and cardiotoxic activity.[9] 25C-NBOMe overdoses have caused many cases of multi-organ failure and death worldwide.[8][10] NBOMe chemicals, including 25C-NBOMe, frequently cause tachycardia (rapid heart rate), hypertension (high blood pressure), and vasoconstriction (which reduces blood flow). These physical symptoms can cause significant risks to health, especially when the user has underlying health issues or has taken a combination of drugs.[11] 25C-NBOMe is significantly more dangerous and potent than LSD, which is not easily overdosed.
In in vitro studies, 25C-NBOMe has been shown to exhibit cytotoxicity on neuronal cell lines SH-SY5Y, PC12, and SN471, and the compound was more potent than methamphetamine at reducing the visibility of the respective cells; the neurotoxicity of the compound involves activation of MAPK/ERK cascade and inhibition of Akt/PKB signaling pathway.[9] 25C-NBOMe, including the other derivative 25D-NBOMe, reduced the visibility of cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells, and both substances downregulated expression level of p21 (CDC24/RAC)-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an enzyme with documented cardiac protective effects.[9]
25C-NBOme is a substituted para-Chloroamphetamine which is a known neurotoxin. 25C-NBOMe being much more potent and a direct serotonergic neurotoxic agent.[citation needed]
25C-NBOme has been shown in preliminary studies to be toxic to development, heart health and brain health in zebrafish, rats, and brine shrimp (common model organisms for studying potential drug effects on humans), but more research is needed on this topic, the dosages, and if this applies to humans. The authors of one study recommended further research on if the drug is potentially damaging to pregnant women and their fetuses due to the potentially damaging effects to development.[12][13]
While most deaths are due to the physical effects of the drug, one person died after repeatedly running into walls while under the effects of 25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe and MDMA; this person had thought the NBOMe drugs they had taken were LSD.[11][14] Another died while drowning while under the effects of 25C-NBOMe and 25H-NBOMe, shortly after expressing they wished to commit suicide.[15]
The NBOMe series of psychoactives became controlled in Israel in May, 2013.[16][17]
New Zealand
25C-NBOMe was sold as a designer drug in New Zealand in early 2012, but was withdrawn from sale after a statement by Associate Health Minister Peter Dunne that 25C-NBOMe would be considered to be substantially similar in chemical structure to the illegal hallucinogen DOB, and was therefore a Class C controlled drug analogue.[18]
Russia
Russia became the first country to regulate the NBOME class. The entire NBOMe series of psychoactives became controlled in the Russian Federation starting October, 2011.[16][19]
Sweden
Sveriges riksdag added 25C-NBOMe to schedule I ("substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use") as narcotics in Sweden as of Aug 1, 2013, published by Medical Products Agency in their regulation LVFS 2013:15 listed as 25C-NBOMe 2-(4-kloro-2,5-dimetoxifenyl)-N-(2-metoxibensyl)etanamin.[20]
Several NBOMe series compounds will be temporarily scheduled in the United States for 2 years. The temporary scheduling applies to 25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25I-NBOMe.[22] In November 2015, the temporary scheduling was extended for another year.[23]
China
As of October 2015 25C-NBOMe is a controlled substance in China.[24]
^ abEttrup A, Hansen M, Santini MA, Paine J, Gillings N, Palner M, et al. (April 2011). "Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of a series of substituted 11C-phenethylamines as 5-HT (2A) agonist PET tracers". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 38 (4): 681–693. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1686-8. PMID21174090. S2CID12467684.
^Hansen M (2010-12-16). Design and Synthesis of Selective Serotonin Receptor Agonists for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Brain (Ph.D. thesis). University of Copenhagen. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.33671.14245.
^Zuba D, Sekuła K, Buczek A (April 2013). "25C-NBOMe--new potent hallucinogenic substance identified on the drug market". Forensic Science International. 227 (1–3): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.027. PMID22989597.
^Lützen E, Holtkamp M, Stamme I, Schmid R, Sperling M, Pütz M, Karst U (April 2020). "Multimodal imaging of hallucinogens 25C- and 25I-NBOMe on blotter papers". Drug Testing and Analysis. 12 (4): 465–471. doi:10.1002/dta.2751. PMID31846172. S2CID209388281.
^Xu P, Qiu Q, Li H, Yan S, Yang M, Naman CB, et al. (May 2019). "25C-NBOMe, a Novel Designer Psychedelic, Induces Neurotoxicity 50 Times More Potent Than Methamphetamine In Vitro". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (4): 993–998. doi:10.1007/s12640-019-0012-x. PMID30806983. S2CID255763701.
^Byard RW, Cox M, Stockham P (November 2016). "Blunt Craniofacial Trauma as a Manifestation of Excited Delirium Caused by New Psychoactive Substances". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 61 (6): 1546–1548. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13212. PMID27723094. S2CID4734566.
^Morini L, Bernini M, Vezzoli S, Restori M, Moretti M, Crenna S, et al. (October 2017). "Death after 25C-NBOMe and 25H-NBOMe consumption". Forensic Science International. 279: e1 –e6. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.028. PMID28893436.
^Harrigan TM (10 October 2013). "Proposed Rules"(PDF). Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^Drug Enforcement Administration (November 2015). "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Extension of Temporary Placement of Three Synthetic Phenethylamines in Schedule I. Final order". Federal Register. 80 (219): 70657–70659. PMID26567439.
^"关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
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