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Spring Triangle

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The Spring Triangle with Arcturus, Spica, and Regulus plus (May 2017) Jupiter and, "incidentally", the Moon. The line between Spica and Regulus nearly represents the ecliptic, the path of the sun and planets. Arcturus and Spica are found along an arcing path off the handle of the big dipper, while Regulus can also be found from the big dipper by pointing down from the third and fourth dipper stars.

The Spring Triangle is an astronomical asterism involving an imaginary triangle drawn upon the celestial sphere, with its defining vertices at Arcturus, Spica, and Regulus.[1] This triangle connects the constellations of Boötes, Virgo, and Leo. It is visible rising in the south eastern sky of the northern hemisphere between March and May.

George Lovi of Sky & Telescope magazine had a slightly different Spring triangle, including the tail of Leo, Denebola, instead of Regulus. Denebola is dimmer, but the triangle is more nearly equilateral.[2]

These stars form parts of a larger Spring asterism called the Great Diamond together with Cor Caroli.

The stars of the Spring Triangle

Constellation Name Apparent magnitude[citation needed] Luminosity[citation needed]
(L☉) 		Spectral type[citation needed] Distance[citation needed]
(light years)
Boötes Arcturus −0.05 176 K1.5 III 36.7
Virgo Spica 1.04 12100 B1 III-IV 260
Leo Regulus 1.36 288 B7 IV 79.3
Denebola 2.11 15 A3 V 35.9

Arcturus (α Boötes)

Arcturus is a giant orange star located in the constellation of Boötes. Located only 37 light-years away,[3] it has an apparent magnitude of -0.05.[4] It is the brightest star in the northern hemisphere and fourth brightest in the night sky.[5]

Arcturus found in the constellation Boötes

Due to its ability to be spotted easily, Arcturus was identified by ancient humans and tied to mythological ideals. The star was given its name from the ancient Greek Ἀρκτοῦρος (Arktouros), which translates to "Guardian of the Bear."[6] This name was selected because of the stars proximity to Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, surmising the two bear constellations were guarded by Arcturus.[7]

Arcturus is thought to be around 6 to 8.5 billion years old,[8] and has traveled up the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where it has expanded in size. The star is has a diameter of around 36 million km, making it around 26 times larger than the Sun.[9] Despite this size difference, the mass of Arcturus is only 1.1 times that of the Sun.

With a high speed of 122 km/s (or 270,000 mph) and movement not in the galactic plane most other stars move on, it is thought that Arcturus could have formed outside of the Milky Way.[10] This star is the namesake of a group of 52 other stars which share this similar proper motion, named the Arcturus moving group or Arcturus stream. It has been proposed that these stars are remnants of an ancient dwarf satellite galaxy that was assimilated into the Milky Way long ago.[11]

Spica (α Virginis)

Spica is a binary blue-white star pair that appears as a single point of light from Earth, so it is commonly referred to as a single star. The star system is 262 light-years away and has an apparent magnitude of 1.04.[12] It is the brightest star in the constellation Virgo, and is the 15th brightest star in the night sky.[13]

The name Spica is derived from a Latin phrase that describes the zodiac sign Virgo as holding an ear of grain, spīca virginis.[14] Virgo the Maiden is often represented as a young woman holding this stalk of grain. The best times of the year to view this star are during early spring to late summer in the northern hemisphere. To easily find this star, locate the Big Dipper and follow the curve of the handle. Following this path will first lead you to Arcturus. Finally, "drive a spike" directly to Spica.[15]

The constellation of Virgo

Spica is made up of two individual stars, Spica A and Spica B, with radii of 7.40 and 3.64 times the radius of the Sun, respectfully.[16] These sizes are large contributors to the brightness of the stars. Spica A has a luminosity of 12,100 that of our sun, while Spica B has a luminosity of 1,500.[17] Their size also leads to surface temperatures of 22,400 K and 18,500 K, much higher than the Sun. The stars have a small distance of only 0.12 AU, and an orbital period of only four days. This proximity gives gravity the effect of distorting both stars into being egg-shaped, where the pointed ends face the other star.[18]

Regulus (α Leo)

Regulus, the brightest object found in the constellation of Leo, is a quadruple star system that is made up of two separate pairs of stars.[19] Lying at 250 light years away, and with an apparent magnitude of 1.36, it is the 21st brightest star in the sky.[13] The name Regulus, which translates to "little king" in Latin, was given to the system by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th-century.[20] The star can be seen at the base of head of Leo that looks like a backwards question mark, also referred to as the sickle.

A look at the four star system of Regulus

The brighter pair of stars is called Regulus A, which is made of the large visible bright blue star and what is thought to be white dwarf, called Regulus D, but this is yet to be confirmed. This smaller companion has a mass of only 0.3 solar masses, while the larger has as mass of 3.8 solar masses. The pair have a small distance of 0.35 AU and short orbital period around a center mass of 40.11 days.[21]The other two stars, Regulus B and C, are main sequence orange dwarf and red dwarf, respectfully. With apparent magnitudes of 8.13 and 13.50, it is not possible for them to be seen with the naked eye.[22] This is the reason for the entire system to be named after the brightest star.

Regulus A appears to be egg-shaped due to extreme rotation speed. While our Sun rotates on its axis once every 27 days at a speed of 7,242 kph (4,500 mph), Regulus rotates every 16 hours at 1.1 million kph (700,000 mph). Astronomers have determined that if the star rotated 10% faster, it would rip itself apart.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Spring Triangle – Constellation Guide". www.constellation-guide.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  2. ^ Spring Triangle
  3. ^ "EarthSky | Arcturus, brightest star of the north". earthsky.org. 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  4. ^ Ducati, J. R. (2002-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". VizieR Online Data Catalog. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D.
  5. ^ "Spring Triangle Asterism: Stars, Location, Features & More". The Planets. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  6. ^ Ramya, P.; Reddy, Bacham E.; Lambert, David L. (2012-09-05). "Chemical compositions of stars in two stellar streams from the Galactic thick disc". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 425 (4): 3188–3200. arXiv:1207.0767. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.425.3188R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21677.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119253279.
  7. ^ Ian (2020-01-20). "Arcturus (α Boötis) | Facts, Information, History & Definition". The Nine Planets. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  8. ^ Ramírez, I.; Allende Prieto, C. (2011-12-01). "Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus". The Astrophysical Journal. 743 (2): 135. arXiv:1109.4425. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743..135R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119186472.
  9. ^ Ian (2020-01-20). "Arcturus (α Boötis) | Facts, Information, History & Definition". The Nine Planets. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  10. ^ Ramya, P.; Reddy, Bacham E.; Lambert, David L. (2012-09-05). "Chemical compositions of stars in two stellar streams from the Galactic thick disc". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 425 (4): 3188–3200. arXiv:1207.0767. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.425.3188R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21677.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119253279.
  11. ^ Ibata, Rodrigo; Gibson, Brad (April 2007). "The Ghosts of Galaxies Past". Scientific American. 296 (4): 40–45. Bibcode:2007SciAm.296d..40I. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0407-40. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 17479629.
  12. ^ "EarthSky | Spica, bright beacon of Virgo, is 2 stars". earthsky.org. 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  13. ^ a b "Brightest Stars". web.pa.msu.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  14. ^ Elizabeth Howell (2013-07-20). "Spica: The Close Binary". Space.com. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  15. ^ "Extend Big Dipper's handle to Spica | Sky Archive | EarthSky". earthsky.org. 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  16. ^ "Spica Star - Features & Facts About Alpha Virginis". The Planets. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  17. ^ "Spica - Alpha Virginis". astropixels.com. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  18. ^ Ian (2020-01-20). "Spica (α Virginis) | Facts, Information, History & Definition". The Nine Planets. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
  19. ^ Ian (2020-01-20). "Regulus (α Leonis) | Facts, Information, History & Definition". The Nine Planets. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  20. ^ Elizabeth Howell (2013-09-21). "Regulus: The Kingly Star". Space.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  21. ^ "EarthSky | Meet Regulus, the Lion's Heart". earthsky.org. 2022-05-06. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  22. ^ "Regulus Star - Facts & Features About The Little King". The Planets. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
  23. ^ published, Tariq Malik (2005-01-31). "Leo's Bright Star Regulus Flies like Bullet". Space.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
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