Empty string

""###>all illegal telephone call recording laws a to z access removed <""

""###>all illegal telephone call recording laws a to z access removed <""

Use in programming languages

In most programming languages, strings are a data type. Strings are typically stored at distinct memory addresses (locations). Thus, the same string (for example, the empty string) may be stored in two or more places in memory.

In this way, there could be multiple empty strings in memory, in contrast with the formal theory definition, for which there is only one possible empty string. However, a string comparison function would indicate that all of these empty strings are equal to each other.

Even a string of length zero can require memory to store it, depending on the format being used. In most programming languages, the empty string is distinct from a null reference (or null pointer) because a null reference points to no string at all, not even the empty string. The empty string is a legitimate string, upon which most string operations should work. Some languages treat some or all of the following in similar ways: empty strings, null references, the integer 0, the floating point number 0, the Boolean value false, the ASCII character NUL, or other such values.

The empty string is usually represented similarly to other strings. In implementations with string terminating character (null-terminated strings or plain text lines), the empty string is indicated by the immediate use of this terminating character.

λ representation	Programming languages
""	C, C#, C++, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Lua, M, Objective-C (as a C string), OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, Standard ML, Swift, Tcl, Visual Basic .NET
''	APL, Delphi, JavaScript, Lua, MATLAB, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Smalltalk, SQL
character(0)	R
{'\0'}	C, C++, Objective-C (as a C string)
std::string()	C++
""s	C++ (since the 2014 standard)
@""	Objective-C (as a constant NSString object)
[NSString string]	Objective-C (as a new NSString object)
q(), qq()	Perl
str()	Python
%{} %()	Ruby
String::new()	Rust
string.Empty	C#, Visual Basic .NET
String.make 0 '-'	OCaml
{}	Tcl
[[]]	Lua

Examples of empty strings

The empty string is a syntactically valid representation of zero in positional notation (in any base), which does not contain leading zeros. Since the empty string does not have a standard visual representation outside of formal language theory, the number zero is traditionally represented by a single decimal digit 0 instead.

Zero-filled memory area, interpreted as a null-terminated string, is an empty string.

Empty lines of text show the empty string. This can occur from two consecutive EOLs, as often occur in text files, and this is sometimes used in text processing to separate paragraphs, e.g. in MediaWiki.

See also

• Empty set
• Null-terminated string
• Concatenation theory