User:Forensicstudent/Wildlife forensic science
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Wildlife forensic science is forensic science applied to legal issues involving wildlife.[1] They also deal with conservation and identification of rare species and is a useful tool for non-invasive studies to determine relatedness of the animals in the area allowing them to determine rare and endangered species that are candidates for genetic rescue. Using techniques such as the SSCP or Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism gel electrophoresis technique, microscopy, DNA barcoding, Mitochondrial Microsatellite Analysis and some DNA and Isotope analysis they can identify species and individual animals in most cases if they have already been captured .[2] Unlike human identification, animal identification requires determination of its family, genus, and species, and sex in order to individualize the animal, typically through the use of DNA based analyses.[3]
Techniques
DNA Barcoding
DNA barcoding is often used in Wildlife Forensic Science cases to identify an unknown species found at a crime scene.[4] Blood, hair, bone, and other genetic materials are first collected at the scene, then DNA extraction is performed on the samples collected.[5] After that, DNA quantification or PCR is performed to quantify the DNA, then DNA sequencing is performed to sequence the DNA.[5] Lastly, the sequenced DNA is compared to a DNA database for a possible identification of the unknown species.[5] This technique is often used in poaching cases, animal abuse cases, and killing of endangered animals.[6] [7]
Mitochondrial Microsatellite Analysis
Mitochondrial microsatellite analysis methods are often performed to individualize[3] the remains of an animal and determine if a species is endangered[8], or if it was hunted out of season.[9] Mitochondrial DNA reference profiles can be easily be obtained from public databases like the International Nucleotide Sequence Database (INSDC), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), and the Bardode of Life Data System (BOLD or BOLDSystems)[10]
References
- ^ "Wildlife Forensics Laboratory". Law enforcement division. California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ Oliveira, R.; Castro, D.; Godinho, R.; Luikart, G.; Alves, P. C. (2010-06-01). "Species identification using a small nuclear gene fragment: application to sympatric wild carnivores from South-western Europe". Conservation Genetics. 11 (3): 1023–1032. doi:10.1007/s10592-009-9947-4. ISSN 1572-9737.
- ^ a b Meiklejohn, Kelly A.; Burnham-Curtis, Mary K.; Straughan, Dyan J.; Giles, Jenny; Moore, M. Katherine (2021-11-01). "Current methods, future directions and considerations of DNA-based taxonomic identification in wildlife forensics". Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments. 1: 100030. doi:10.1016/j.fsiae.2021.100030. ISSN 2666-9374.
- ^ Mwale, Monica; Dalton, Desire L.; Jansen, Raymond; De Bruyn, Marli; Pietersen, Darren; Mokgokong, Prudent S.; Kotzé, Antoinette (2017). Steinke, Dirk (ed.). "Forensic application of DNA barcoding for identification of illegally traded African pangolin scales". Genome. 60 (3): 272–284. doi:10.1139/gen-2016-0144. ISSN 0831-2796.
- ^ a b c Kress, W. John; Erickson, David L., eds. (2012). DNA Barcodes: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 858. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-591-6. ISBN 978-1-61779-590-9.
- ^ Dalton, Desiré Lee; de Bruyn, Marli; Thompson, Tia; Kotzé, Antoinette (2020). "Assessing the utility of DNA barcoding in wildlife forensic cases involving South African antelope". Forensic Science International: Reports. 2: 100071. doi:10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100071.
- ^ Khan, Fida Muhammad; William, Kainaat; Aruge, Samreen; Janjua, Safia; Shah, Safdar Ali (2018-03-04). "Illegal product manufacturing and exportation from Pakistan: Revealing the factuality of highly processed wildlife skin samples via DNA mini-barcoding". Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. 37 (3): 179–185. doi:10.1080/15257770.2018.1450507. ISSN 1525-7770.
- ^ Sanches, A.; Perez, W. A. M.; Figueiredo, M. G.; Rossini, B. C.; Cervini, M.; Galetti, P. M.; Galetti, M. (2011-01-01). "Wildlife forensic DNA and lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) poaching". Conservation Genetics Resources. 3 (1): 189–193. doi:10.1007/s12686-010-9318-y. ISSN 1877-7260.
- ^ Zenke, Petra; Zorkóczy, Orsolya Krisztina; Lehotzky, Pál; Ózsvári, László; Pádár, Zsolt (2022-01-20). "Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes". Animals. 12 (3): 246. doi:10.3390/ani12030246. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 8833381. PMID 35158570.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Moore, M. Katherine; Baker, Barry W.; Bauman, Tasha L.; Burnham-Curtis, Mary K.; Espinoza, Edgard O.; Ferrell, Carolyn S.; Frankham, Greta J.; Frazier, Kim; Giles, Jenny L.; Hawk, Deedra; Rovie-Ryan, Jeffrine J.; Johnson, Rebecca N.; Knott, Trey; Kornfield, Irving L.; Lindquist, Christina (2021-11-01). "The Society for Wildlife Forensic Science standards and guidelines". Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments. 1: 100015. doi:10.1016/j.fsiae.2021.100015.