Cross processing
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Cross processing (sometimes abbreviated to Xpro) is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.[1] The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of C-22 and E-4. Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast.[2] The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film. Cross processing has been used in a variety of photographic and cinematographic practices, most notably rising in popularity during the 1990s. Similar effects can also be achieved with digital filter effects.
Processes
Analogue
Cross processing usually involves one of the two following methods.[3]
- Processing positive color reversal film in C-41 chemicals, resulting in a negative image on a colorless base.
- Processing negative color print film in E-6 chemicals, resulting in a positive image but with the orange base of a normally processed color negative.
However, cross processing can take other forms, such as negative color print film or positive color reversal film in black and white developer.
Other interesting effects can be obtained by bleaching color films processed in black and white chemistry using a hydrochloric acid dichromate mixture or using potassium triiodide (KI3) solution. If these bleached films are then re-exposed to light and re-processed in their intended color chemistry, subtle, relatively low contrast, pastel effects are obtained.[4]
Digital
Cross processing effects can be simulated in digital photography by a number of techniques involving the manipulation of contrast/brightness, hue/saturation and curves in image editors such as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP. However, these digital tools lack the unpredictable nature of regular cross processed images.[citation needed]
Gallery
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Agfa CT Precisa 100 film, shot at EI 80 then cross processed with C-41 chemistry -
200 ISO Lomography Slide/Xpro film, processed with C-41 chemistry -
200 ISO Lomography Slide/Xpro film, processed with C-41 chemistry -
Kodak Color Plus negative film shot with a Holga, processed with E-6 chemistry -
Fuji Sensia slide film cross processed with C-41 chemistry
See also
References
- ^ JOHN., CHILD, (2017). STUDIO PHOTOGRAPHY : essential skills. FOCAL. ISBN 1-138-47231-X. OCLC 1007930292.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "cross-processing | More than Photography". web.archive.org. 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
- ^ Mark., Galer, (2002). Location photography. Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51669-9. OCLC 48932514.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nitsa. "More Than Photography". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
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