Zero-mode waveguide
zero-mode waveguide is an optical waveguide that guides light energy into a volume that is small in all dimensions compared to the wavelength of the light.
Zero-mode waveguides have been developed for rapid parallel sensing of zeptolitre sample volumes, as applied to gene sequencing, by Pacific Biosciences (previously named Nanofluidics, Inc.)[1]
A waveguide operated at frequencies lower than its cutoff frequency (wavelengths longer than its cutoff wavelength) and used as a precision attenuator is also known as a "waveguide below-cutoff attenuator."[2]
The zero-mode waveguide is made possible by creating circular or rectangular nanoapertures using focused ion beam on an aluminium layer.[3]
The zero-mode waveguide is very useful for Ultraviolet Auto-fluorescence spectroscopy on tryptophan-carrying proteins like beta-galactosidase[4] with further modification of the zero-mode waveguide with a conical reflector its possible to study the dynamic process of smaller proteins like streptavidin with 24 tryptophan. ,[5] The modified zero-mode waveguide with a conical reflector can be further optimized to enhance the Signal-to-noise ratio and reach the ultimate sensitivity of single tryptophan proteins like TNase.[6]
See also
References
- ^ Jan Kieleczawa (2004). DNA sequencing: optimizing the process and analysis. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-7637-4782-4.
- ^ D. H. Russell (Dec 1997). "The waveguide below-cutoff attenuation standard". IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Technology. 45 (12): 2408–2413. Bibcode:1997ITMTT..45.2408R. doi:10.1109/22.643852. S2CID 6236996.
- ^ Baibakov, Mikhail; Barulin, Aleksandr; Roy, Prithu; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Patra, Satyajit; Wenger, Jérôme (1999-02-22). "Zero-mode waveguides can be made better: fluorescence enhancement with rectangular aluminum nanoapertures from the visible to the deep ultraviolet". Nanoscale Advances. 2 (9): 4153–4160. doi:10.1039/D0NA00366B. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- ^ Barulin, Aleksandr; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Patra, Satyajit; Bonod, Nicolas; Wenger, Jérôme (9 October 2019). "Deep Ultraviolet Plasmonic Enhancement of Single Protein Autofluorescence in Zero-Mode Waveguides". Nano Letters. 19 (10): 7434–7442. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03137.
- ^ Barulin, Aleksandr; Roy, Prithu; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Wenger, Jérôme (5 April 2022). "Ultraviolet optical horn antennas for label-free detection of single proteins". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 1842. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29546-4.
- ^ Roy, Prithu; Claude, Jean-Benoît; Tiwari, Sunny; Barulin, Aleksandr; Wenger, Jérôme (5 January 2023). "Ultraviolet Nanophotonics Enables Autofluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy on Label-Free Proteins with a Single Tryptophan". Nano Letters: acs.nanolett.2c03797. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03797.
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