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Alberta Sovereignty Act

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Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
Legislative Assembly of Alberta
Territorial extentAlberta
Passed byLegislative Assembly of Alberta
PassedDecember 8, 2022
Royal assentDecember 15, 2022
Legislative history
Bill titleAlberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
Bill citationBill 1
Introduced byPremier Danielle Smith
First readingNovember 29, 2022[1]
Second readingDecember 6, 2022[2]
Third readingDecember 8, 2022 [a][3]
Status: In force

The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act, Bill 1, commonly known as the Alberta Sovereignty Act, is a bill introduced on November 29, 2022, the first day of the fall sitting of the 4th Session of the 30th Alberta Legislature by the Premier of Alberta, Danielle Smith, and passed on December 8, 2022.[1][4][5] The Bill seeks to protect Alberta from federal laws and policies that the Alberta legislature deems to be unconstitutional or harmful to Albertans or the province's economic prosperity, in areas such as natural resources, gun control, COVID-19 public health, education, and agriculture.[6][4][7][6]

If enacted, Bill 1 would direct "political entities"—including municipalities, school boards, municipal police forces, and regional health authorities— to not enforce "federal rules deemed harmful to Alberta's interests."[8][9] A proposed use of the Act would be triggered when a member of the executive council tables a motion in the legislative assembly identifying a specific federal law or policy that may be considered to be unconstitutional, in violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms or harmful to Albertans.[7] After a Legislative Assembly debate on the merits of the resolution, all members would take part in a free vote on the "impugned law, ruling or regulatory decision".[7][10] If passed, the resolution would be reviewed within two years.[11]

According to one constitutional law expert, provincial legislation that declares a clear intent to attempt to 'negate' valid federal jurisdiction would be unconstitutional and ultra vires — exceeding the scope of provincial authority.[10]

Treaty 6, 7, and 8 Chiefs immediately stated their opposition to the Act through news conferences and in public statements and criticized the government for not consulting with them.[12][13]

The Alberta Sovereignty Act was a key component of Danielle Smith's campaign when she successfully contested the United Conservative Party (UCP) leadership election in 2022, contributing to her election as UCP leader and appointment as Premier of Alberta.[14][15]

A December 2022 Leger poll said that 32% of Albertans agreed that the Act was "necessary to stand up to the federal government".[16]

Background

The concept of an Alberta Sovereignty Act was the cornerstone of the policy document called the "Free Alberta Strategy", which has been described as the Act's "unofficial blueprint".[16] The 50-page September 28, 2021 document was co-authored by former Wild Rose Party MLA and lawyer Rob Anderson, University of Calgary's political scientist, Barry Cooper, and constitutional lawyer, Derek From. It was described by it its authors as a joint initiative with the Alberta Institute, a libertarian think tank founded in 2018 by Peter McCaffrey, who also is its President.[17][18][19][11][20][21] Anderson was also Smith's campaign chair during the run-up to the 2022 UCP leadership election.[20] Smith was not a part of the "Free Alberta Strategy" nor did she contribute to the document, but after reading it, she liked the idea of the sovereignty act.[10][20] In a September 2022 National Post interview, Cooper clarified that the Act itself was deliberately "unconstitutional" to put the federal government on notice that Alberta would "no longer recognize their claimed authority over provincial areas of constitutional sovereignty."[10] The document also called for the province of Alberta to replace the Canada Revenue Agency with its own tax collection service, establish a provincial police force to replace the RCMP, as well as an Alberta pension plan to replace the Canada Pension Plan.[20][10] Cooper was also a co-author of the 2001 Firewall letter, which Smith—then a columnist and a 770 CHQR radio host— had referred to in her October 17, 2019, Calgary Herald opinion piece, to enable Alberta to become—like Quebec—a "nation within a nation".[22] In the op-ed, Smith called for a resurrection of the Firewall letter.[22] During her 2022 electoral campaign, Smith said that the Alberta Sovereignty Act, was not about separating from Canada but asserting the province's rights within Canada by self-governance of a "Nation within a Nation", similar to Quebec's self-governance and Saskatchewan's proposed Saskatchewan First Act.[23]

When Smith was a contender for the leadership of the United Conservative Party (UCP) to replace then Alberta Premier Jason Kenney, she announced in a June 15, 2022, Twitter post that she would introduce the Alberta Sovereignty Act on her first day as Premier.[24][10] The Act, also known as Bill 1, would give the province the authority to "refuse to enforce any federal law or policy that attacks Alberta's interest or our provincial rights."[24][10] Smith said that Alberta should emulate British Columbia and Quebec in asserting citizens' rights.[10] In a June 16, 2022, National Post, Smith used the example of the lax enforcement of cannabis laws in British Columbia prior to its legalization through the October 17, 2018, federal Cannabis Act to explain how Alberta could opt out of enforcing federal law.[10] The Alberta sovereignty act propelled her into office and became her signature piece of legislation.[14][8][25]

A key feature of Canadian federalism is the way in which legislative powers are distributed among the different levels of government.[26]: 4  Legislative powers of the provinces and the Parliament of Canada are set out in sections 91 to 95 of the Constitution Act, 1867.[26] According to a 2022 Library of Parliament article, the Constitution of Canada has been described as a living tree in constitutional law, as it adapts to "new situations and new social realities".[26] Historically, conflicts concerning jurisdiction, finances, culture, or perceived favouritism have occurred between provinces and each other, and with the federal government.[27] These conflicts resulted in various independence movements—notably in Quebec—as well as attempts by provinces to define their authorities for themselves.[8]

In the bill's third reading just before it was passed in the legislature, Premier Smith explained the justification for the "reset" in the provincial-federal relationship: "It's not like Ottawa is a national government. The way our country works is that we are a federation of sovereign, independent jurisdictions. They are one of those signatories to the Constitution and the rest of us, as signatories to the Constitution, have a right to exercise our sovereign powers in our own areas of jurisdiction."[28][29]

Legislative history

The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act was introduced by Premier Danielle Smith.
The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act was introduced by Premier Danielle Smith.

The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act was introduced by Premier Danielle Smith as Bill 1 of the fourth session of the 30th Alberta Legislature on November 29, 2022.[30][1] The first reading was passed in a recorded division, as the opposition New Democratic Party voted against the first reading of Bill 1.[30][1] A recorded division of the assembly is a rare occurrence for a first reading in a Westminster system.

The government moved second reading of Bill 1 on November 30, 2022. Several Members of the opposition New Democratic Party attempted to filibuster passage of second reading, with NDP MLAs Deron Bilous and Nicole Goehring both moving reasoned amendments,[31][32] in Canadian legislative bodies, if a reasoned amendment is adopted, it has the effect of defeating a bill,[33] the reasoned amendments were defeated 9 For, 26 Against and 9 For, 28 Against respectively.[32][2] Debate on second reading was ended on December 6, 2022 when the government passed a time allocation motion to force a vote on Second Reading.[34] Second reading was passed with 30 For, 9 Against.[2]

The bill was then moved to a Committee of the whole immediately after it had passed second reading, where the Government proposed an amendment to remove the provisions in the Act that would have granted the cabinet unilateral powers to change laws, and/or enact measures.[2][35] The government then passed a time allocation motion on December 7, 2022 to force a vote on the amendment.[36] The Amendment was passed with 27 For, 12 Against.[37]

Immediately after it had completed the committee stage, third reading of the amended bill was moved. Again, several members of the opposition New Democratic Party attempted to filibuster passage of third reading, with NDP MLA Marie Renaud moving another reasoned amendment, the reasoned amendment was defeated in a voice vote.[2] Alberta NDP House Leader Christina Gray then moved a hoist motion, it was defeated 7 For, 27 Against.[2] Debate on third reading was ended late on the night of December 7-8 when the government passed a time allocation motion to force a vote on Third Reading.[38] Third reading was passed with 27 For, 7 Against.[3][39]

The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act received royal assent from Lieutenant Governor of Alberta Salma Lakhani on December 15, 2022.[40]

Rationale

The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act is intended to prevent instances of alleged overreach by the federal government. Legislation and programs that have been viewed by the Alberta government as overreaching federal jurisdiction that may be considered as test cases for the Act include the Impact Assessment Act and Canadian Energy Regulator Act, commonly known as Bill C-69, the federal government’s firearms buyback program, planned fertilizer emissions reductions, and conditional funding for health and social programs.[23][41] Smith has also stated the Government of Alberta will challenge the federal government's Carbon Tax.[42]

During her United Conservative Party leadership campaign, Smith listed a number of federal policies that may be unconstitutional or may be in violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Potential Charter violations includes federal mandatory vaccination policies, the use of the Emergencies Act in freezing protesters' funds and in jail terms for the organizers; federal censorship of Alberta-based news media, and the "mandatory participation by Albertans or information sharing by provincial agencies of Albertans’ personal data for the purpose of a Federal digital identification program".[43] Included in the list of federal policies that she considered to be unconstitutional, are Bill C-69—which former Premier Jason Kenney referred to as the "No New Pipelines Act"; fertilizer reduction requirements; emissions and production reductions in the Alberta energy industry; reduction in fossil fuel electricity generation; and the federal government firearm restriction and buyback program.[43]

Smith said that one example of how the Alberta Sovereignty Act could be implemented would be to place intra-provincial highway or power plant projects under the auspices of the provincial government instead of the federal government, therefore removing the project from the jurisdiction of the federal Impact Assessment Act.[10] Another example would be to compel Alberta's credit unions to not comply with any future injunction of the Emergencies Act to freeze protesters' accounts.[10]

Equalization payments

Main article: Equalization payments in Canada

The rationale for the proposed act is that Alberta in particular is considered unfairly treated by the rest of Canada, due to programs like the equalization payments that fund provinces with lower GDPs and environmental initiatives like the Northern Gateway Pipeline cancellation. Another issue is the perspective that the other provinces oppose the Albertan oil industry while enjoying the profits from it.[44][45] The Government of Alberta held a referendum in 2021 asking if equalization should be removed from the constitution, with a turnout of 39% and a majority of 61% of those voting being in favour of removal.[46]

Contents

The proposed Act seeks to protect Alberta from potential federal overreach in areas such as "private property, natural resources, agriculture, firearms, regulation of the economy and delivery of health, education and other social programs."[7]

University of Calgary law professors, Martin Olszynski and Nigel Bankes examined provisions in the Act and identified ten "operative sections".[47] The bill includes a section on definitions and another on interpretation, a third clause describing the resolution process for triggering the law into action, a description of the Lieutenant Governor in Council's relevant powers, a section on time limits on special measures arising from application of the law, a section on potential effects of directives arising from the law, a section confirming that the "Crown is bound by the Act", a provision on immunity, another on a potential judicial review, and finally a "regulation making power."[48]

Bill 1, if passed into law, would compel "political entities" to defy and ignore federal laws deemed under the Act to be unconstitutional or to be in violation of the Charter. It also grants these entities the authority of refusing to enforce any "laws, policies or actions" deemed by the Act to be "harmful" to Alberta.[14] Private companies and individuals would not be required to comply with the ASA. A Calgary Herald article stated that "political entities" could even include some small NGOs, as well as regional health authorities, school boards, every municipality in the province, and the RCMP.[14]

A proposed application of the Act can be triggered with a motion introduced in the legislative assembly by the premier or any minister identifying a specific federal policy or regulation which is deemed by them to be unconstitutional, contrary to the Charter or "harmful" to Albertans.[7] This process could begin in the spring of 2023, just before the provincial election.[14] Following a debate of the resolution in the legislative assembly, an open vote would be held. The resolution would pass if a majority of MLAs vote in favour.[7] The legislature can make recommendations to cabinet on how to proceed on resolutions that require cabinet action.[41]

As it stood on December 3, 2022, once the resolution was passed, Bill 1 would grant the cabinet unilateral powers to change laws, and/or enact measures,[41][49] which could include giving specific directives to "provincial entities" such as municipalities, school boards, municipal police forces, and regional health authorities to ignore or refuse to enforce "federal rules deemed harmful to Alberta's interests."[8] Cabinet could also take any other action that they are "legally able to take" relevant to the resolution.[23]: 1 [7]

Reaction

Outgoing Premier Jason Kenney was critical of the proposed Sovereignty Act.
Outgoing Premier Jason Kenney was critical of the proposed Sovereignty Act.

The reaction by some politicians and legal scholars has been negative.[50] Former premier and party leader Jason Kenney described it as a "full-frontal attack on the rule of law", as well as a step towards separation and a "banana republic".[51]

Six of Smith's opponents in the leadership race criticized it.[11] In a September 8 press conference, four of these contenders for the UCP leadership—Brian Jean, Travis Toews, Rajan Sawhney, and Leela Aheer—held a press conference specifically to speak out against the Alberta Sovereignty Act that Smith was proposing.[52] By November 30, three of them—Brian Jean, Travis Toews and Rajan Sawhney—with ministerial posts in Premier Smith's cabinet—were ready to vote in favour of the Act because Smith had responded to their concerns, including the "separatism aspect".[53]

Leader of Alberta NDP and the Official Opposition Rachel Notley was critical of the proposed Sovereignty Act.
Leader of Alberta NDP and the Official Opposition Rachel Notley was critical of the proposed Sovereignty Act.

Opposition leader Rachel Notley described the Act as a "thoughtless legal collection of mumbo jumbo...[that] creates nothing but uncertainty—and through that: economic uncertainty—at a time when Albertans are desperately looking for economic recovery."[16] She described Premier Smith, Barry Cooper and their supporters as a "very extreme fringe of the Alberta population".[16] Notley said that there are good arguments for the Alberta to achieve greater control of its own "economic destiny" but Bill 1 was "completely and entirely disconnected from that object."[16]

Chiefs representing Treaty 6, 7, and 8 publicly opposed the proposed legislation at a November 18 news conference held in Edmonton.[12] Chief Tony Alexis of Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, said that the Treaties are "international agreement[s] and the highest law to govern the land, resources, and our Peoples" on unceded territories. He added that, the proposed bill could potentially grant Alberta the right to "extract resources at an unprotected rate, exacerbating the fight for their rights to land and resources and moving them away from a sustainable future". Bearspaw First Nation's Chief said that the province had not entered into any consultation with indigenous communities before proposing the sovereignty act.[12] A statement released by Treaty 8 chiefs to Premier Smith, said that Treaties are the "exclusive reason of which Canada, and all the Provinces and Territories exist today" and that with this bill, the government of Alberta was acting in "dishonour of Treaty No. 8."[13] In response to an APTN News request for a response to the November 18 press conference and releases, Premier Smith said that she will be booking meetings with Treaty chiefs to discuss the Act.[13] In statements released after Bill 1 was introduced, Treaty 6 chiefs said the sovereignty act could potentially apply to any federal law including treaties, which are "international agreements" that "take legal precedence over provincial and federal law".[7] The Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations said that the even with amendments, they would not support Bill 1.[28] In an interview with reporters, Alberta Indigenous relations minister, Rick Wilson, said that the UCP should have done more consultation on the bill as there was some "confusion among Indigenous leaders" in regards to the term "sovereignty". He said the Act "respects treaty rights".[28]

In an email with the National Post, University of Waterloo's constitutional law expert, Emmett Macfarlane, said that enacting a provincial law that declares a clear intent to attempt to 'negate' valid federal jurisdiction would almost certainly be considered to be exceeding the scope of provincial powers—ultra vires.[10] Failing to enforce a federal law or regulation "would be blatantly unconstitutional", according to Macfarlane.[10]

Law professors, Olszynski and Bankes identified three potential constitutional challenges to the Bill, including both the separation and the division of powers, as well as the "impermissible delegation of legislative authority"—the so-called Henry VIII clause.[48] They added that the Bill 1 was both "significant" and "unprecedented" in the way in which it intrudes into Canada's superior courts' jurisdictions.[48]

Lieutenant Governor Salma Lakhani said that she would evaluate the constitutionality of the legislation before granting royal assent.[54] Typically, in the modern political environment, royal assent is an automatic process and viceroys defer to their premiers. The last time that a bill was not immediately granted royal assent in Alberta was in 1937 when Lieutenant Governor John C. Bowen reserved royal assent of the Bank Taxation Act, Credit of Alberta Regulation Act, 1937, and the Accurate News and Information Act until their legality could be tested at the Supreme Court of Canada.[54] In Reference Re Alberta Statutes the Supreme Court struck down the three bills as ultra vires of the province's constitutional authority,[55] and affirmed the authority of the lieutenant governor to reserve royal assent.[56] The Supreme Court in responding to questions posed by the government of Alberta confirmed the validity of reservation, with the court unanimously confirming the powers were still in operation and exercisable.[57]: 661  Justice Albert Hudson wrote "there is no room for serious argument" that reservation was no longer a valid power.[57]: 662 

In a December 8 interview with Cooper as his guest on The Current, host Matt Galloway described Cooper as in "many ways the architect" of the Act.[58] Cooper, told Galloway that if Canada does not change the Constitution, the next option would be an Alberta independence referendum in reference to the 1980 and 1995 Quebec referendums.[16][58]

During Question Period in the House on November 30, Jagmeet Singh, leader of the New Democratic Party, questioned the Prime Minister on the potential for the Act to undermine Canadian federal laws.[59] The Prime Minister said that he would wait to see how Albertans responded to the Act as a "lot of eyebrows" were raised in Alberta.[59] During the December 8 Assembly of First Nations special assembly in Ottawa, Prime Minister Trudeau responded to questions on the Act, saying that it was being used by Premier Smith as a "political tool" to attempt to engage in a "fight" with the federal government.[60] While he expressed extreme concern" about what the Act represented, he said he was not "interested in fighting with the Alberta government".[60] The Prime Minister responded to concerns by delegates at the assembly that the Act and Saskatchewan's Bill 88 were "shutting out Indigenous voices". He said that it was through the courts that disagreements between the federal and provincial governments can be settled.[60]

Notes

  1. ^ Third Reading was carried 1:01 AM on December 8, 2022.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Introduction of Bills Bill 1 Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. November 29, 2022. pp. 4–5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Government Bills and Orders" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 7, 2022. p. 11. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Government Bills and Orders" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 7, 2022. p. 12. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  4. ^ a b Williams, Nia (November 30, 2022). "Alberta Premier Danielle Smith seeks more sovereignty from Canada in new bill". Reuters. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  5. ^ Bennett, Dean (December 8, 2022). "Alberta passes Sovereignty Act, but first strips out sweeping powers for cabinet". CBC. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act". Government of Alberta. Retrieved December 3, 2022. This may include overreach and interference in areas our government considers provincial jurisdiction such as firearms, energy, natural resources and COVID healthcare decisions.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Mertz, Emily (November 29, 2022). "Alberta sovereignty act: Municipalities, local police could get provincial directives". Global News. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d Adams, Eric M. (September 28, 2022). "Opinion: The constitutional confusions of a sovereignty act". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  9. ^ Bellefontaine, Michelle (September 6, 2022). "Alberta could ignore court rulings under Smith's sovereignty act". CBC News.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dawson, Tyler (June 17, 2022). "UCP leadership contender Danielle Smith wants Alberta to ignore federal laws it doesn't like". National Post. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Dawson, Tyler (September 6, 2022). "Alberta Sovereignty Act would impose constitutional order on 'lawless' Ottawa, Danielle Smith says as more details released". National Post. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Szulc, Katarina (November 18, 2022). "Treaty chiefs oppose proposed sovereignty act, say it infringes on rights". CBC News. Edmonton. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  13. ^ a b c Paradis, Danielle (November 30, 2022). "Alberta chiefs call Sovereignty Act 'self-centred and short-sighted'". APTN News. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  14. ^ a b c d e Braid, Don (November 29, 2022). "The Alberta Sovereignty Act finally lands. It's so tough Ottawa might consider disallowing". Calgary Herald. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  15. ^ Graveland, Bill (November 10, 2022). "Justice minister's mandate includes Alberta sovereignty act, protection for the unvaccinated". CBC News. The Canadian Press. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Moran, Padraig (December 8, 2022). "Change the Constitution or face Alberta independence referendum, says architect of Sovereignty Act". CBC Radio. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  17. ^ Anderson, Rob; Cooper, Barry; From, Derek (September 28, 2021). Free Alberta Strategy: A Strong, Free & Sovereign Alberta Within Canada (PDF) (Report). p. 50. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  18. ^ Cooper, Barry (June 21, 2022). "The Alberta sovereignty act is unconstitutional on purpose". National Post. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  19. ^ "Free Alberta Strategy Group (Including Med. Hat MLA) Calls on Premier to Make Alberta a Sovereign Jurisdiction". Prairie Post. September 28, 2021. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  20. ^ a b c d Anderson, Rob (May 2, 2022). "Discussing The Free Alberta Strategy With Danielle Smith". Free Alberta Strategy. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  21. ^ McDonald, Marci (October 12, 2004). "The Man behind Stephen Harper". The Walrus. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Smith, Danielle (October 17, 2019). "Smith: Alberta should become a nation within a nation". Calgary Herald. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  23. ^ a b c "Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act" (PDF). Government of Alberta (Press release). Information sheet. November 29, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  24. ^ a b Smith, Danielle Smith [@ABDanielleSmith] (June 15, 2022). "As your Premier, on day 1, I'm introducing the Alberta Sovereignty Act. It's time put Alberta First! To become your Premier and stand up to Ottawa, I need to win the @Alberta_UCP nomination" (Tweet). Retrieved December 3, 2022 – via Twitter.
  25. ^ Dawson, Tyler (June 17, 2022). "UCP leadership contender Danielle Smith wants Alberta to ignore federal laws it doesn't like". National Post. Canadian Press. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  26. ^ a b c Brideau, Isabelle; Brosseau, Laurence; Lowenger, Allison (January 3, 2022). "The Distribution of Legislative Powers: An Overview" (PDF). Library of Parliament. Parliamentary Information, Education and Research Services: 23. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  27. ^ Wesley, Jared; Young, Lisa (July 14, 2022). "What the spectre of Alberta separatism means for Canada". The Conversation. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  28. ^ a b c Cecco, Leyland (December 8, 2022). "Alberta 'sovereignty act' sets province on collision course with Justin Trudeau". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  29. ^ Bennett, Dean (December 8, 2022). "Alberta passes sovereignty act, but first strips out sweeping powers to cabinet". Canadian Press via CTV News. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  30. ^ a b Mertz, Emily (November 29, 2022). "Alberta sovereignty act: Municipalities, local police could get provincial directives". Global News. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  31. ^ "Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 1, 2022. p. 19. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  32. ^ a b "Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 5, 2022. p. 24. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  33. ^ Bosc, Marc; Gagnon, André (2017). "Amendments to the Motion for Reading". ourcommons.ca. House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved December 8, 2022. Were it to do so, debate on the bill would end, as would debate on the motion for second or third reading of the bill. The order relating to the bill would then disappear from the Order Paper.
  34. ^ "Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 6, 2022. p. 6. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  35. ^ "Committee of the Whole" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 7, 2022. p. 6. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  36. ^ "Government Motions" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 7, 2022. p. 5. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  37. ^ "Committee of the Whole" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 7, 2022. p. 8. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  38. ^ "Government Motions" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 7, 2022. p. 10. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  39. ^ Barnnett, Dean (December 8, 2022). "Alberta passes Sovereignty Act, but first strips out sweeping powers for cabinet". cbc.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  40. ^ "Royal Assent" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. December 15, 2022. p. 452.
  41. ^ a b c "Five things to know about the Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act". National Post. December 2, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  42. ^ "Where the Alberta government accuses Ottawa of overreaching". The Globe and Mail. Edmonton. The Canadian Press. December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  43. ^ a b Smith, Danielle (October 2022). "The Alberta Sovereignty Act – Questions answered". DanielleSmith.ca. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  44. ^ Jacques, Olivier; Bélandré, Daniel; Lecours, André (October 13, 2021). "Alberta, Quebec, and the politics of equalization". Policy Options. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  45. ^ Orr, Ron (June 16, 2021). "MLA Ron Orr: Equalization is fundamentally unfair to Alberta". Ponoka News. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  46. ^ Guse, Jessika (October 26, 2021). "Alberta referendum results are in, Kenney speaks to results". Global News. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  47. ^ Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act. Legislative Assembly of Alberta. 2022.
  48. ^ a b c Olszynski, Martin; Bankes, Nigel (December 6, 2022). "Running Afoul the Separation, Division, and Delegation of Powers: The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act". ABlawg. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  49. ^ Cryderman, Kelly (December 3, 2022). "Opinion: Danielle Smith's sovereignty act faces unexpected in-house criticism". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  50. ^ Bennett, Dean (September 2, 2022). "Kenney attacks 'cockamamie' sovereignty act, defends Alberta Lt.-Gov. comments". CTV News. Edmonton. The Canadian Press. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  51. ^ Kanygin, Jordan (September 6, 2022). "Danielle Smith's proposed Alberta Sovereignty Act would create a 'banana republic': Kenney". CTV News. Calgary. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  52. ^ Bruch, Timm (September 8, 2022). "4 UCP leadership candidates rally against 'fairy tale' sovereignty act". Calgary. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  53. ^ Amato, Sean (November 30, 2022). "'It's a mess': Alberta NDP demands Smith drop sovereignty act as former UCP critics fall in line". CTV News. Edmonton. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  54. ^ a b Leavitt, Kieran (September 2, 2022). "Why Alberta's Danielle Smith is attacking Lieutenant Governor Salma Lakhani". thestar.com. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  55. ^ Creighton, Donald (1970). Canada's First Century. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. p. 229. ISBN 0-7705-0066-8.
  56. ^ Reference re The Power of the Governor General in Council to Disallow Provincial Legislation and the Power of Reservation of a Lieutenant-Governor of a Province, 1938 CanLII 34, [1938] SCR 71, Supreme Court (Canada)
  57. ^ a b Albert, Richard (2014). "Constitutional Amendment by Constitutional Desuetude". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 62 (3): 661. doi:10.5131/AJCL.2014.0018. ISSN 0002-919X. JSTOR 43669515. SSRN 2461509.
  58. ^ a b Matt Galloway (host), Carrie Tait, Rachel Notley, Barry Cooper(guests) (December 8, 2022). " Change the Constitution or face Alberta independence referendum, says architect of Sovereignty Act. The Current. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  59. ^ a b Smith, Alanna; Bailey, Ian (November 30, 2022). "Trudeau says he doesn't want fight with Alberta on sovereignty act but will consider legislation's implications". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
  60. ^ a b c "Trudeau says Ottawa not interested in 'fighting' with Alberta after Sovereignty Act passes". CBC News via the Canadian Press. December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
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