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The book Creating Capabilities, first published by economist Martha Nussbaum in 2011, outlines a unique theory regarding the Capability approach or the Human development approach. Nussbaum draws on theories of other notable advocates of the Capability approach like Amartya Sen, but makes specific distinctions. One distinct idea she proposes is to choose a list of capabilities based on some aspects of John Rawls' concept of "central human capabilities."[1] These ten capabilities encompass everything Nussbaum considers essential to living a life that one values. Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen are considered to be the main scholars of this approach, but have distinctions in their approach to capabilities. Sen disagrees with Nussbaum's list of values on the grounds that it does not fully encompass the range of capabilities one would consider to live a fulfilling life, which inherently differs by person.[2]

Nussbaum's book combines ideas from the Capability approach, development economics, and distributive justice to substantiate a qualitative theory on capabilities. She criticizes existing economic indicators like GDP as failing to fully account for quality of life and assurance of basic needs, instead rewarding countries with large growth distributed highly unequally across the population.[3] The book also aims to serve as an introduction to the Capability approach more generally, accessible to students and newcomers to the material because of the current lack of general knowledge about this approach. Finally, Nussbaum compares her approach with other popular approaches to human development and economic welfare, including Utilitarianism, Rawlsian Justice, and Welfarism in order to argue why the Capability approach should be prioritized with development economics policymakers.[3]

Context

Nussbaum has a background in philosophy, having earned a doctorate in Classical philology from Harvard University in 1975.[4] With ethics and foundational principles in mind, she first challenged notions of what it means to live the "good life" in her book The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy.[5] She then extended this thought process in 1999 with a series of essays to advocate a basic version of the capability approach specific to women.[6]

Scholars view the Capability approach as being founded by Sen and Nussbaum after they were unsatisfied with other measures of quality of life and human development. This criticism eventually evolved into a comprehensive political philosophy framework to evaluate public policy.

Sen began discussion of the capabilities approach through mutliple articles published in the late 1900s. Most notably, his essay "Equality of What" moved the focus from access to resources to analysing how effectively people can use those resources for their well-being.[7]

The Quality of Life, co-authored by Nussbaum and Sen, advanced the literature to propose the first outline of Capability approach in its entirety. The collection of articles emphasizes the imporance of quality of life as an economic indicator and the insufficiency of current methods to measure it. Sen and Nussbaum offer a preliminary definition of capabilities as the "various alternative combinations of functionings, any one of which (any combination, that is) the person can choose to have...the freedom that a person has to lead one kind of life or another." In addition, they highlight the importance of critically analysing the tools we use to meausre and assess quality of life, and the relevance of this discussion to the greater policy-making community.[8]

Nussbaum started approaching her version of the Capability approach through drawing from philosophers Aristotle, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill. One of her first major contributions to the Capability approach literature came in 2000 in the form of Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach, where her proposed model of feminism and partial theory of justice intersects with her idea of human capabilities: "what people are actually capable of doing or becoming in the real world."[9]

Nussbaum went on to substantiate her research in capabilities. However, she viewed the discourse on the Capabilities approach as restrictive, "expounded primarily in dense articles and books for specialists." She aims to fill the gap in general understanding of the approach, and argue for the power of the Capabilities approach to enable policy-makers to create meaningful change in human lives in Creating Capabilities.[3]

Main Ideas

Ten central capabilities

A tenet of Nussbaum's approach is her definition of the central human capabilities, which she first laid out in 2000. These include[9]:

  1. Life: ability to live to the end of one's live in a natural manner (not dying prematurely or before life is significantly reduced in capabilities).
  2. Bodily health: good physical and reproductive health, as well as access to satisfactory nutrition and shelter.
  3. Bodily integrity: the ability to travel from place to place without restriction and without fear of violent assault (sexual assault, domestic violence); ability to choose in situations involving reproduction and sexual activities.
  4. Senses, imagination, and thought: ability to use one's sense to "imagine, think, and reason" in a "truly human" way. Being adequately informed by education, literacy, basic mathematical and scientific knowledge; ability to apply imagination and thought to one's own interests, safeguarded by freedom of expression and freedom of religion.
  5. Emotions: the capability to attach oneself to external people and things; to "love those who love and care for us, to grive at their absence," to want relationships, be grateful for them, and experience different sentiments including saddness and anger; being able to feel emotions without constant fear and anxiety.
  6. Practical reason: the ability to distinguish good from bad, and "engage in critical reflection" about one's life.
  7. Affiliation: being capable of a variety of social interaction including living with others, feeling concern for others, the ability to be empathetic; being able to feel self-respect and dignity and ability to be trated with digniity by others (nondiscrimination).
  8. Other species: the ability to live in harmony and context with nature and one's external environment.
  9. Play: the capability of laughter and joy through recreational activities, although not limited to them.
  10. Control over one's environment: being able to affect political institutions through political choice, including political participation, free speech, and political organization; having the power to possess property and hold equal property rights as others with differing identities; having equal opportunities to find work (and in that workspace, the capability of being treated as a human being with dignity and the ability to form significant relationships), being free from "unwarranted search and seizure."

Nussbaum further justifies these capabilities in her book, citing examples like the empirical work of Jonathan Wolff and Avner De-Shalit that supported her capabilities being the "most salient" in analyzed areas.[3]

Chapter summaries

Chapter 1

Nussbaum begins Creating Capabilities by describing the disconnect between leaders of countries, that focus on economic growth, and citizens, who value achieving a meaningful life. Contrary to public belief, there is not a causal relationship between GDP and quality of life. She uses the example of Vasanti, an Gujurati woman who suffered multiple personal and economic misfortunes under a state primiarly focused on economic growth. She was able to regain her financial independence and achieve greater success in education, activism, and pursuing a meaningful life because of SEWA, an NGO. Nussbaum analyzes this situation through a humanist perspective, emphasizing the role of gender discrimination, gender discrimination in education, nutritional deficiency, unequal property and inheritance laws, religion-based descrimation, domestic violence, the caste system, and political inequieties all affecting Vasanti's outcomes; ultimately, GDP per capita and foreign investment do not directly affect these people in the absence of restributive policies.

Chapter 2

Appendix

Reception

Scholarly criticism

Against a defined list of capabilities

http://carneades.pomona.edu/2018-PPE/19.Robeyns.html

Ingrid Robeyns

https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zkjxgc.7?seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-005-6524-1

Thomas Pogge
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/measuring-justice/critique-of-the-capability-approach/CF25C6A06AE67498B1ED0815346959EF

- https://www.mit.edu/~shaslang/mprg/PoggeCCABJ.pdf

Other criticism

https://www.elevenjournals.com/tijdschrift/rechtsfilosofieentheorie/2009/3/RenR_1875-2306_2009_038_003_002

In the news

Creating Capabilities has been reviewed by media outlets from the Boston Globe to Publishers Weekly. Amartya Sen applauds Nussbaum for “A remarkably lucid and scintillating account of the the human development approach seen from the perspective of one of its major architects.”[10] Professors have reacted to Nussbaum's work:

“The very best way to be introduced to the capability approach to international development. It is also a wonderfully lucid account of the origins, justification, structure, and practical implications of her version of this powerful approach to ethically-based change in poor and rich countries.”—David Alan Crocker, University of Maryland School of Public Policy

“Nussbaum, who has done more than anyone to develop the authoritative and ground-breaking capabilities approach, offers a major restatement that will be required reading for all those interested in economic development that truly enhances how people live.”—Henry Richardson, Georgetown University

“A marvelous achievement: beautifully written and accessible. With Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum is one of the founders of the ‘capability approach’ to justice; the most innovative and influential development in political philosophy since the work of John Rawls. This book, for the first time, puts in one place all the central elements of Nussbaum’s systematic account of the approach, together with its sources and implications.”—Jonathan Wolff, University College London

Impact

Although not directly because of this book specifically, Nussbaum's work on the Capability approach has played a significant role in the United Nations Development Project developing the Human Development Index. The Human Development Index focuses on three dimensions, a health, education, and standard of living dimension, and calculates an aggregate measure of these indexes along with other factors like Gross National Income, general income, and Gross Domestic Product to create an overall quantative, comparable measure of human development between countries.[11] This identification of dimensions of human development, along with the general conception of a more holistic measure to evaluate global progress, was directly impacted by the Capability approach. Nussbaum's ten central capabilities are reflected in the HDI's different dimensions. The Human Development Index (HDI) was created to build on the insights founded by Nussbaum and Sen through the humanist revolution, "in effect developing an applied measure of social welfare as a correlate to this new theoretical welfare economics. Just as income per capita and CBA were the progeny of the ordinalist revolution, HDI was born of the humanist revolution."[12]

Nussbaum herself has long advocated integrating nontraditional perspectives in higher education (Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (1997)). This train of thought can be applied to the Capability approach, but is not currently integrated into the literature. However, Nussbaum has opened the dialogue on this subject with regard to people with disabiliies, and differences in capability and capability prioritization across race, ethnic, gender, and cultural identities. Krushil Watene, a doctoral advisor in the School of Humanities at Massey University in the University of New Zealand, has expanded this literature by discussing at length the relationship between the Capability approach and indigenous peoples.[13][14] Professor Michael Litschka at St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences has extended capabilities to include media capabilities.[15]Creating Capabilities and Nussbaum's approach has recently been linked to housing policy[16][17], the health field[18], knowledge of the Capability approach[19], and instruments to evalute public health policy[20]. Nussbaum has also discussed the relationship between the Capability approach and the disabled,[21]and the extension of the Capability approach to these groups is an active area of research.

Awards and honors

See Martha Nussbaum.

By Nussbaum

  1. "Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach"[22]
  2. "Capabilities and Social Justice"[23]
  3. "Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice"[24]

By other authors

  1. Development as Freedom by Amartya Sen
  2. Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson
  3. "An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach,"[25] edited by Séverine Deneulin with Lila Shahani
  4. "Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice: The Capability Approach Re-Examined"[26] by Ingrid Robeyns
  5. "Development as Capability Expansion"[27] by Amartya Sen
  6. "Inequality Reexamined"[28] by Amartya Sen
  7. "Advancing Human Development: Theory and Practice"[29] by Frances Stewart

See also

Bibliography + Outline

Citations:

  1. *Nussbaum, Martha C. Creating Capabilities: the Human Development Approach. Boston: Belknap press of Harvard University press, 2013.
  2. *Sen, Amartya Kumar. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  3. Wikipedia contributors, "Amartya Sen," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amartya_Sen&oldid=1117057888 (accessed October 20, 2022).
  4. Wikipedia contributors, "Capability approach," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capability_approach&oldid=1110637642 (accessed October 20, 2022).
  5. Wikipedia contributors, "Martha Nussbaum," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Nussbaum&oldid=1116649709 (accessed October 20, 2022).
    1. *Sen, Amartya Kumar. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
    2. Wikipedia contributors, "Amartya Sen," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amartya_Sen&oldid=1117057888 (accessed October 20, 2022).
    3. Wikipedia contributors, "Capability approach," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capability_approach&oldid=1110637642 (accessed October 20, 2022).
    4. Wikipedia contributors, "Martha Nussbaum," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Nussbaum&oldid=1116649709 (accessed October 20, 2022)
    5. *Begon, Jessica. “Capabilities for All? From Capabilities to Function, to Capabilities to Control.” Social Theory and Practice 43, no. 1 (2017): 154–79. https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract20174317.
    6. *Jaggar, A.M. “Reasoning About Well-Being: Nussbaum’s Methods of Justifying the Capabilities.” Journal of Political Philosophy 14, (2006): 301-322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00253
    7. *Vasbist, Latika. “MARTHA NUSSBAUM’S CAPABILITIES APPROACH: PERILS AND PROMISES.” Journal of the Indian Law Institute 52, no. 2 (2010): 230–66.
    8. *Litschka, Michael. “The Political Economy of Media Capabilities: The Capability Approach in Media Policy.” Journal of Information Policy 9 (2019): 79–110. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0079.
    9. *Mr. Iris van Domselaar, "Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach: In Need of a Moral Epistemology?". Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, 3, (2009): 186-201. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1719651.
    10. *Robeyns, I. “Selecting Capabilities for Quality of Life Measurement.” Soc Indic Res 74, (2005): 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-6524-1
    11. *Williams, Andrew. “Dworkin on Capability.” Ethics 113, no. 1 (2002): 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1086/341323
    12. *Nussbaum, Martha, 'Non‐Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach', in Martha Nussbaum, and Amartya Sen (eds), The Quality of Life (Oxford, 1993; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Nov. 2003), https://doi.org/10.1093/0198287976.003.0019, accessed 20 Oct. 2022.
    13. *Nussbaum, Martha. “Capabilities and Social Justice.” International Studies Review 4, no. 2 (2002): 123–35. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315260914.
    14. *Nussbaum, Martha. “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice.” Taylor & Francis, 2003. https://doi/org/10.1080/1354570022000077926.
    15. *Deneulin, S. (Ed.). An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency.  London: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849770026
    16. *Robeyns, Ingrid. Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice: The Capability Approach Re-Examined. 1st ed. Open Book Publishers, 2017. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zkjxgc.
    17. *Sen, Amartya Kumar. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
    18. *Sen, Amartya Kumar. “Development as Capability Expansion.” Readings in Human Development, Oxford University Press (2003). https://scholar.harvard.edu/sen/publications/development-capability-expansion.
    19. *Sen, Amartya Kumar. Inequality Examined. Oxford:  Academic, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198289286.001.0001.
    20. *Stewart, Frances, Gustav Ranis, and Emma Samman. Advancing Human Development: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford Academic, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794455.001.0001.
      1. Nussbaum, Martha C. “Capabilities and Disabilities: Justice for Mentally Disabled Citizens.” Philosophical Topics 30, no. 2 (2002): 133–65.
      2. *Watene, Krushil. “Valuing Nature: Maori Philosophy and the Capability Approach.” Oxford Development Studies, 44:3 (2016): 287-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2015.1124077. *Watene, Krushil and Mandy Yap. “Culture and Sustainable Development: Indigenous Contributions,” Journal of Global Ethics 11, no. 1 (2015): 51-55, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2015.1010099.

Important elements of my proposal:

  1. Planned work
    1. General
      1. Here, I want to briefly overview “Creating Capabilities,” including a discussion of its purpose, author, and main themes. The main book should suffice for this section.
        1. *Nussbaum, Martha C. ``Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach and Its Implementation.” Hypatia, vol. 24, no. 3, 2009, pp. 211–215. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20618174. Accessed 12 Sep. 2022.
        2. *Nussbaum, Martha C. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013.
    2. Context
      1. Here, I would reference the Capability Approach page and potentially some pages related to Amartya Sen to  explain discussion on the capability approach more generally, and how “Creating Capabilities” was released in the context of surrounding literature. Sources I would either link to or reference may include:
        1. *Sen, Amartya. Development as Freedom. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 1999.
        2. Wikipedia. “Amartya Sen.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Oct. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen.
        3. Wikipedia. “Capability Approach.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Sept. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_approach.
        4. Wikipedia. “Martha Nussbaum.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Oct. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum.
    3. Main ideas
      1. Either I’ll cover the ideas in each chapter of “Creating Capabilities” through subheadings in this section, or separate each main idea from the book into a subheading with a description.
        1. *Formosa, Paul, and Catriona Mackenzie. “Nussbaum, Kant, and the Capabilities Approach to Dignity.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, vol. 17, no. 5, 2014, pp. 875–92. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24478719. Accessed 13 Oct. 2022.
        2. *Nussbaum, Martha C. “Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach and Its Implementation.” Hypatia, vol. 24, no. 3, 2009, pp. 211–215. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20618174. Accessed 12 Sep. 2022.
    4. Criticism
      1. I will cover the most relevant criticism of Nussbaum’s book. Potential sources for this section include:
        1. *Begon, Jessica. “Capabilities for All? From Capabilities to Function, to Capabilities to Control.” Social Theory and Practice, vol. 43, no. 1, 2017, pp. 154–79. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24871372. Accessed 13 Oct. 2022.
        2. *Jaggar, Alison M. (2006). Reasoning about well-being: Nussbaum's methods of justifying the capabilities. _Journal of Political Philosophy_ 14 (3):301–322.
        3. *Vasbist, Latika. “MARTHA NUSSBAUM’S CAPABILITIES APPROACH: PERILS AND PROMISES.” Journal of the Indian Law Institute, vol. 52, no. 2, 2010, pp. 230–66. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43953495. Accessed 13 Oct. 2022.
  1. ^ Robeyns, Ingrid; Byskov, Morten Fibieger (2021), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "The Capability Approach", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2022-10-14
  2. ^ Guna Saigaran, Nithiya & Karupiah, Premalatha & S.Gopal, Parthiban. (2015). The Capability Approach: Comparing Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum.
  3. ^ a b c d Nussbaum, Martha C. (2011). Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05054-9.
  4. ^ "Martha Nussbaum | Biography, Philosophy, Aristotle, Works, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  5. ^ Craven., Nussbaum, Martha (2009). The fragility of goodness : luck and ethics in Greek tragedy and philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79472-5. OCLC 732304123.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Martha Nussbaum, Sex and Social Justice (Oxford, Oxford Academic Press, 1999).
  7. ^ Robeyns, Ingrid; Byskov, Morten Fibieger (2021), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "The Capability Approach", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2022-12-02
  8. ^ Nussbaum, Martha; Sen, Amartya (1993-03-11). The Quality of Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-828797-1.
  9. ^ a b Nussbaum, Martha C. “Preface.” Introduction. In Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach, xiii-xiv. The Seeley Lectures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511841286.001.
  10. ^ "Creating Capabilities — Martha C. Nussbaum". www.hup.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  11. ^ Nations, United. "Human Development Index". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Citation here: Stanton, Elizabeth. "The Human Development Index: A History," Political Economy Research Institute Working Paper Series, (February 2007). https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=peri_workingpapers.  
  13. ^ Watene, K., 2016, “Valuing Nature: Maori Philosophy and the Capability Approach”, Oxford Development Studies, 44(3): 287–296.
  14. ^ Watene, K. and Yap, M., 2015, “Culture and Sustainable Development: Indigenous Contributions”, Journal of Global Ethics, 11(1): 51–55.
  15. ^ Litschka, Michael. “The Political Economy of Media Capabilities: The Capability Approach in Media Policy.” Journal of Information Policy, vol. 9, 2019, pp. 63–94. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0063. Accessed 13 Oct. 2022.
  16. ^ Fitzpatrick, Suzanne; Bengtsson, Bo; Watts, Beth (2014-10-02). "Rights to Housing: Reviewing the Terrain and Exploring a Way Forward". Housing, Theory and Society. 31 (4): 447–463. doi:10.1080/14036096.2014.923506. ISSN 1403-6096.
  17. ^ Kimhur, Boram (2020-05-26). "How to Apply the Capability Approach to Housing Policy? Concepts, Theories and Challenges". Housing, Theory and Society. 37 (3): 257–277. doi:10.1080/14036096.2019.1706630. ISSN 1403-6096.
  18. ^ Mitchell, Paul Mark; Roberts, Tracy E.; Barton, Pelham M.; Coast, Joanna (2016-05-10). "Applications of the Capability Approach in the Health Field: A Literature Review". Social Indicators Research. 133 (1): 345–371. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1356-8. ISSN 0303-8300.
  19. ^ Anand, P. (2005-05-01). "Capabilities and health". Journal of Medical Ethics. 31 (5): 299–303. doi:10.1136/jme.2004.008706. ISSN 0306-6800. PMID 15863692.
  20. ^ Lorgelly, PK (August 2008). "The Capability Approach:developing an instrument for evaluating public health interventions" (PDF). UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW SECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH POLICY. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 78 (help)
  21. ^ Nussbaum, Martha C. “Capabilities and Disabilities: Justice for Mentally Disabled Citizens.” Philosophical Topics, vol. 30, no. 2, 2002, pp. 133–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43154398. Accessed 13 Oct. 2022.
  22. ^ *“Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach.” Edited by Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, Academic.oup.com, The Quality of Life, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1993, academic.oup.com/book/9949/chapter/157304892.
  23. ^ *Nussbaum, Martha. “Capabilities and Social Justice.” International Studies Review, vol. 4, no. 2, 2002, pp. 123–35. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3186357. Accessed 13 Oct. 2022.
  24. ^ *Nussbaum, Martha. “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice.” Taylor & Francis, 2003, www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1354570022000077926.
  25. ^ *“An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach: FRE.” Edited by Lila Shahani and Séverine Deneulin, Taylor & Francis, Taylor & Francis, 28 Aug. 2009, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781849770026/introduction-human-development-capability-approach-severine-deneulin.
  26. ^ Robeyns, Ingrid. “Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice: The Capability Approach Re-Examined.” The Capability Approach Re-Examined | Open Book Publishers, Open Book Publishers, 11 Dec. 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0130.
  27. ^ Sen, Amartya, et al. “Development as Capability Expansion.” Readings in Human Development, Oxford University Press, 2003, https://scholar.harvard.edu/sen/publications/development-capability-expansion.
  28. ^ Sen, Amartya. “Inequality Reexamined.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 14 Sept. 1995, https://academic.oup.com/book/4918.
  29. ^ *Stewart, Frances, et al. “Advancing Human Development: Theory and Practice.” Human Development Reports, 2018, https://hdr.undp.org/content/advancing-human-development-theory-and-practice.
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