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IBM System/390

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"IBM ES/9000" redirects here. For the IBM System 9000 family of computers, originally announced in 1982 as the IBM Instruments Computer System Model 9000 laboratory computer/instrument controller, see IBM System 9000.
IBM System/390 Parallel Enterprise Server Generation 5
Front cover of the IBM S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server Generation 5
ManufacturerInternational Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
Product family18 initial models,
followed by others
Release dateSeptember 5, 1990; 34 years ago (1990-09-05)
DiscontinuedMay 24, 1998 for the first 18 initial models
Operating systemVSE/ESA, VM/ESA and MVS/ESA
MemoryUp to 9 Gigabytes
PredecessorIBM 3090
SuccessorIBM Z
WebsiteOfficial website IBM Archives
"System/390 Announcement". IBM Archives. IBM. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 2017-01-29.

The IBM System/390 is the discontinued fifth generation of the System/360 instruction set architecture. The first ESA/390 computer was the Enterprise System/9000 (ES/9000) family, which were introduced in 1990. These were followed by the 9672 CMOS System/390 mainframe family in the mid-1990s. These systems followed the IBM 3090, with over a decade of follow-ons. The ESA/390 was succeeded by the 64-bit z/Architecture in 2000.

History

On February 15, 1988, IBM announced[1][2] Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (ESA/370) for 3090 enhanced ("E") models and for 4381 model groups 91E and 92E. In additional to the primary and secondary addressing modes that System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA) supports, ESA has an AR mode in which each use of general register 1-15 as a base register uses an associated access register to select an address space. In addition to the normal address spaces that XA supports, ESA also allows data spaces, which contain no executable code.

On September 15, 1990, IBM published a group of hardware and software announcements, two[3][4] of which included overviews of three announcements:

  • System/390[5] (S/390), as in 360 for 1960s, 370 for 1970s.
  • Enterprise System/9000[6][7] (ES/9000), as in 360 for 1960s, 370 for 1970s.
  • Enterprise Systems Architecture/390[8][9] (ESA/390) was IBM's last 31-bit-address/32-bit-data mainframe computing design, copied by Amdahl, Hitachi, and Fujitsu among other competitors. It was the successor of ESA/370 and, in turn, was succeeded by the 64-bit z/Architecture in 2000. Among other things, ESA/390 added fiber optics channels, known as Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON) channels, to the parallel (Bus and Tag) channels of ESA/370.

Despite the fact that IBM mentioned the 9000 family first in some of the day's announcements, it was clear "by the end of the day" that it was "for System/390,"[6] although it was a shortened name, S/390, that was placed on some of the actual "boxes" later shipped.[10][NB 1]

The ES/9000 include rack-mounted models, free standing air cooled models and water cooled models. The low end models were substantially less expensive than the 3090s previously needed to run MVS/ESA, and could also run VM/ESA and VSE/ESA, which IBM announced at the same time.

IBM periodically added named features to ESA/390 in conjunction with new processors; the ESA/390 Principles of Operation manual identifies them only by name, not by the processors supporting them.

Machines supporting the architecture have been sold under the brand System/390 (S/390) from the beginning of the 1990s. The 9672 implementations of System/390 were the first high-end IBM mainframe architecture implemented first with CMOS CPU electronics rather than the traditional bipolar logic.

The IBM z13 was the last z Systems server to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode.[11] However, all 24-bit and 31-bit problem-state application programs originally written to run on the ESA/390 architecture readily run unaffected by this change.

ESA/390 architecture

ESA/390
DesignerIBM
Bits32-bit
Introduced1990; 35 years ago (1990)
DesignCISC
TypeRegister–Register
Register–Memory
Memory–Memory
EncodingVariable (2, 4 or 6 bytes long)
BranchingCondition code, indexing, counting
EndiannessBig
PredecessorSystem/360, System/370, S/370-XA, ESA/370
Successorz/Architecture
Registers
General-purpose16
Floating point4 64-bit up to the G4; 16 64-bit starting with the G5[12]

The architecture (the Linux kernel architecture designation is "s390"; "s390x" designates the 64-bit z/Architecture) employs a channel I/O subsystem in the System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA) tradition, offloading almost all I/O activity to specialized hardware more sophisticated than the S/360 and S/370 I/O channels. It also includes a standard set[9] of CCW opcodes that new equipment is expected to support.

The architecture maintains problem state backward compatibility with the 24-bit-address/32-bit-data System/360 (1964) and subsequent 24/31-bit-address/32-bit-data architectures (System/370, System/370-XA, ESA/370 and ESA/390. However, the I/O subsystem is based on System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA), not on the original S/370 I/O instructions.

ESA/390 is arguably a 32-bit architecture; as with System/360, System/370, 370-XA, and ESA/370, the general-purpose registers are 32 bits long, and the arithmetic instructions support 32-bit arithmetic. Only byte-addressable real memory (Central Storage) and Virtual Storage addressing is limited to 31 bits. (IBM reserved the most significant bit to easily support applications expecting 24-bit addressing, as well as to sidestep a problem with extending two instructions to handle 32-bit unsigned addresses.)

In fact, total system memory is not limited to 31 bits (2 GB).[NB 2] While the virtual storage of a single address space cannot exceed 2 GB, ESA/390 supports multiple concurrent 2 GB address spaces. Further, each address space can have Dataspaces associated with it, each of which can have up to 2 GB of Virtual Storage. While Central Storage is limited to 2 GB additional memory can be configured as expanded storage. With Expanded Storage 4 KB pages can be moved between Central Storage and Expanded Storage. Expanded Storage can be used for ultra-fast paging, for disk caching, and for virtual disks within the VM/CMS operating system. Under Linux/390 this memory cannot be used for disk caching; instead, it is supported by a block device driver, allowing to use it as ultra-fast swap space and for RAM drives.

In addition, a machine may be divided into Logical Partitions (LPARs), each with its own system memory so that multiple operating systems may run concurrently on one machine.

An important capability to form a Parallel Sysplex was added to the architecture in 1994.

Some PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes which provide ESA/390 processors in smaller machines have been released over time, but are only intended for software development.

The Hercules emulator is a portable ESA/390 and z/Architecture machine emulator which supports enough devices to boot many ESA/390 operating systems. Since it is written in pure C, it has been ported to many platforms, including S/390 itself. A commercial emulation product for IBM xSeries with higher execution speed is also available.

Common I/O Device Commands

2.0 Chapter 2. Specific I/O-Device Commands in Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Common I/O-Device Commands[9] shows the following commands.

ESA/390 I/O-Device Commands
Command Bit Position
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Basic sense 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
No-operation (no-op) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Read configuration data D D D D D D D 0
Read (non-DASD) / Read IPL (DASD) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Read node identifier D D D D D D D 0
Sense ID 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Set interface identifier D D D D D D D 1
Test I/O (may not be included in a CCW; may only be issued by the associated privileged instruction) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Note:

D Device dependent. The command code, if any, recognized by an I/O device may be obtained by using a sense-ID command.

S/390 computers

New models were offered on an ongoing basis.[13]

Initial ES/9000 models

Eighteen[7] models[NB 3] were announced September 5, 1990 for the ES/9000, the successor of the IBM 3090. The technology of all but two of the 18 models was similar to the 3090-J, but the models 900 and 820 (codenamed Summit) were greatly enhanced, featuring private split I+D 128+128 KB L1 caches and a shared 2x2MB L2 cache with 11-cycle latency, more direct interconnects between the processors, multi-level TLBs, branch target buffer and 111 MHz (9 ns) clock frequency. These were the first models with out-of-order execution since the System/370-195 of 1973. However unlike the old S/360-91-derived systems, the models 900 and 820 had full out-of-order execution for both integer and floating-point units, with precise exception handling, and a fully superscalar pipeline. Models 820 and 900 shipped to customers in September 1991, a year later than the models with older technology. Later these new technologies were used in models 520, 640, 660, 740 and 860.[14][15][16]

Cooling

Water-cooled ES/9000 models included ES/9021-900,[17] -820, -720, -620, -580, -500, -340 and -330.
Air-cooled ES/9000 models[18] included standalone ES/9121-480, -440, -320, -260, -210, -190, and rack mounted: ES/9221-421, -211, -170, -150, -130, -120.

ES/9000 water-cooled models (9021-###)[7]
Model CPUs Max storage Max channels Max vector fac.
900 6 9 GB 256 6
820 4 9 GB 256 4
720 6 4.5 GB 128 6
620 4 4.5 GB 128 4
580 3 2.25 GB 64 3
500 2 2.25 GB 64 3
340 1 2.25 GB 64 1
330 1 1152 MB 64 1
ES/9000 air-cooled models (9121-###)[7]
Model CPUs Max storage Max channels Max vector fac.
480 2 1024 MB 48 2
440 2 1024 MB 48 2
320 1 1024 MB 48 1
260 1 1024 MB 48 1
210 1 1024 MB 48 1
190 1 512 MB 32 1
ES/9000 rack-mount models (9221-###)[7]
Model CPUs Max storage Max channels Max vector fac.
170 1 256 MB 24 -
150 1 256 MB 12 -
130 1 256 MB 12 -
120 1 256 MB 12 -


In February 1993 an 8-processor 141 MHz (7.1 ns) model 982 became available, with models 972, 962, 952, 942, 941, 831, 822, 821 and 711 following in March. These models, codenamed H5, had double the L2 cache and 30% higher per-processor performance than the 520 to 900 model line.[19][20] In April 1994 alongside the launch of the first CMOS-based 9672 models, IBM also announced their ultimate bipolar model, the 10-processor model 9X2 rated at 468 MIPS,[b] to become available in October.[35]

Competitive Cooling

By the late 1970s and early 1980s, patented technology allowed Amdahl mainframes of this era to be completely air-cooled, unlike IBM systems that required chilled water and its supporting infrastructure.[36] The 8 largest of the 18 models of the ES/9000 systems introduced in 1990 were water-cooled; the other ten were air-cooled.[6]

ES/9000 features

  • ESCON fiber optic channels
  • Two of the initially announced models could be configured with as much as 9 Gigabytes of main memory.
  • Optional vector facilities were available on 14 of the 18 models, the number of vector processors could be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6.
  • Six of the initial models were air-cooled models (and eight water-cooled models); 4 are rack-mounted.

Logical partitioning

Main article: Logical partition

Logical Partitions (LPARs) are a standard function on ES/9000 processors whereby IBM's Processor Resource/Systems Manager (PR/SM) hypervisor allows different operating systems to run concurrently in separate logical partitions (LPARs), with a high degree of isolation.

This was introduced as part of IBM's moving towards "lights-out" operation and increased control of multiple system configurations.

Vector facility

The System/390 vector facility was originally introduced with the IBM 3090 system, replacing IBM 3838 array processor (first introduced in 1976 for System/370).[37]

IBM S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server Gen4

9672

Introduced in 1994, the six generations of the IBM 9672 machines, "Parallel Enterprise Server",[38] were the first CMOS, microprocessor based enterprise-class mainframes. By a strategic decision, no more ES/9000 (bipolar-based) models would be released after 1994. The initial generations of 9672 were slower than the largest ES/9000 sold in parallel, but the fifth and sixth generations were the most powerful and capable ESA/390 machines built by IBM.[39]

Model[13] Year Introduced Number of CPUs Performance (MIPS)[a] Memory (GB)
G1 – 9672-Rn1, 9672-Enn, 9672-Pnn[40] 1994 1–6 15–66 0.125–2
G2 – 9672-Rn2, 9672-Rn3 1995 1–10 15–171 0.125–4
G3 – 9672-Rn4 1996 1–10 33–374 0.5–8
G4 – 9672-Rn5 1997 1–10 49–447 0.5–16
G5 – 9672-nn6 1998 1–10 88–1069 1–24
G6 – 9672-nn7 1999 1–12 178–1644 5–32

In the course of the generations, CPUs added more instructions and increased performance. The first three generations (G1 to G3) focused on low cost.[41] The 4th generation was aimed at matching the performance of the last bipolar model, the 9021-9X2. It was decided to be accomplished by pursuing high clock frequencies. The G4 could reach 70% higher frequency than the G3 at silicon process parity, but it suffered a 23% IPC reduction from the G3.[41] The initial G4-based models became available in June 1997,[42] but it wasn't until the 370 MHz model RY5 (with a "Modular Cooling Unit") became available at the end of the year that a 9672 would almost match the 141 MHz model 9X2's performance.[45] At 370 MHz it was the second-highest clocked microprocessor at the time, after the Alpha 21164 of DEC. The execution units in each G4 processor are duplicated for the purpose of error detection and correction.[46] Arriving in late September 1998,[47] the G5 more than doubled the performance over any previous IBM mainframe,[43][44] and restored IBM's performance lead that had been lost to Hitachi's Skyline mainframes in 1995.[48][49] The G5 operated at up to 500MHz, again second only to the DEC Alphas into early 1999. The G5 also added support for the IEEE 754 floating-point formats.[50][51] In late May 1999 the G6 arrived featuring copper interconnects, raising the frequency to 637MHz, higher than the fastest DEC machines at the time. CMOS designs permitted much smaller mainframes, such as the Multiprise 3000 introduced in 1999, which was actually based on 9672 G5. The 9672 G3 model and the Multiprise 2000 were the last versions to support pre-XA System/370 mode.

See also

IBM mainframes
Preceded by IBM System/390
1990 - 2000
ES/9000
1990-1994 		9672
Parallel Enterprise Server
1994-2000
Succeeded by

Notes

  1. ^ S/390 was also used on earlier and subsequent machines.
  2. ^ In the context of computer memory, 1 GB = 10243 bytes
  3. ^ Lower case "M"
  1. ^ a b "Large Systems Performance Reference [part 1]" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2001.
    "There are many published sources of processor capacity data available in the industry today. Most of these sources provide data in the form of MIPS tables. MIPS tables available from consultants and industry watchers are not based on independent measurements. Rather, they typically are developed using manufacturer's announced performance claims. Over time, some of these MIPS tables may include a subjective analysis of feedback from various customers of these systems.
  2. ^ As explained by IBM,[a] the MIPS ratings are varying estimates. Besides 468 MIPS,[21][22][23] ratings of 465,[24][25], 467,[26] 475,[27], 480,[28][29] 484.5,[30] and 485[31] MIPS exist. IBM's own publication also implies 485 MIPS,[32] but later IBM rated it 510 MIPS.[33] For different workloads different ratings exist, calculated from IBM's LSPR ratings, which can change with OS and microcode updates.[25] Hence confusion.[34] The rated MIPS should also not be confused with the theoretical maximum sustainable MIPS, which is 2817 for model 9X2.

References

  1. ^ "IBM 3090 PROCESSOR UNIT MODELS 280E AND 500E AND IBM 3090 PROCESSOR UNIT MODEL 300E TO 400E UPGRADE". Announcement Letters. IBM. February 15, 1988.
  2. ^ "ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE/370 (TM) AND MVS/SYSTEM PRODUCT VERSION 3". Announcement Letters. IBM. February 15, 1988. 288-059.
  3. ^ "IBM SYSTEM/390 OVERVIEW: A NEW ERA BEGINS". Announcement Letters. IBM. September 5, 1990. 190-123. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  4. ^ "IBM ES/9000 PROCESSOR OVERVIEW". Announcement Letters. IBM. September 5, 1990. 190-124. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  5. ^ "System/390 Announcement". IBM Archives. IBM. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  6. ^ a b c "ES/9000 Characteristics". IBM Archives. IBM. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Enterprise System/9000". IBM Archives. IBM. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  8. ^ Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Principles of Operation (PDF) (Ninth ed.). IBM. June 2003. p. 1-1. SA22-7201-08. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  9. ^ a b c Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Common I/O-Device Commands, Second Edition, IBM, April 1992, SA22-7204-01
  10. ^ "S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server". IBM. 23 January 2003.
  11. ^ Accommodate functions for the z13 server to be discontinued on future servers
  12. ^ "IBM S/390 G5 Microprocessor" (PDF).
  13. ^ a b "IBM and Compatible Mainframe Specifications". Technology News of America Co Inc.
  14. ^ Liptay, John S. (July 1992). "Design of the IBM Enterprise System/9000 high-end processor" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 36 (4): 713–731. doi:10.1147/rd.364.0713. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2005.
  15. ^ Enterprise System/9000 Models 520, 640, 660, 740, 820, and 900 Functional Characteristics and Configuration Guide (PDF). IBM. September 1991. GA22-7139-02.
  16. ^ Hamilton, Rosemary (September 16, 1991). "IBM turns up pressure to move to ES/9000". Computerworld. Vol. 25, no. 37. p. 131.
  17. ^ "IBM : z/VSE Operating System". IBM. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  18. ^ Curran, B. W.; Walz, M.H. (1991). "IBM Enterprise System/9000 Type 9121 system controller and memory subsystem design". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 35 (3). IBM: 357. doi:10.1147/rd.353.0357.
  19. ^ "Ten New IBM ES/9000 Water-Cooled Processors, Including Seven-Way and Eight-Way Processors, Associated Upgrades, and Additional Functions". IBM. February 9, 1993.
  20. ^ "Processor Capacity Planning: LSPR Workload Sensitivities" (PDF). IBM. 1999.
  21. ^ Stammbach, Peter (30 August 2001). "Linux powered by zSeries 900" (PDF). IBM Switzerland. p. 5.
  22. ^ Miller, Rick (2 August 2000). "Information Technology Services, Including Telecommunication Services - Potential Sources Sought". p. 4.
  23. ^ Stedman, Craig (24 April 1995). "Hitachi: Users to pay heavy price for IBM's software". Computerworld. p. 81.
  24. ^ "A MAINFRAME LICENSING UPGRADE DILEMMA". July 24, 1996.
  25. ^ a b Watson, Cheryl. "Why your CPU capacity may not match your vendor's estimate".
  26. ^ "Hardware Ratings" (PDF). December 18, 2008. p. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022.
  27. ^ "Used IBM Mainframe Spot Prices". Infoperspectives. No. 12 (volume 19). November 1998. p. 17.
  28. ^ Barrio, Virginia (20 June 1997). "Centro de Proceso de Datos del Grupo BBV". computerworld.es (in Spanish).
  29. ^ Augusto Ornelas Filho (Spring 1999). "SISBACEN – CENTRAL BANK INFORMATION SYSTEM: AN INSTRUMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING BRAZIL'S EXCHANGE POLICY".
  30. ^ "Cheryl Watson's Tuning Letter" (PDF). 1998. p. 16, 17, 24.
  31. ^ Sandner, Günther; Spengler, Hans (2006). "Die Entwicklung der Datenverarbeitung von Hollerith Lochkartenmaschinen zu IBM Enterprise-Servern" (PDF) (in German). p. 114 (p. 115 of pdf).
  32. ^ "System/390 Parallel Sysplex Performance". IBM. December 1998. p. 64.
    422/0.87 = 485 MIPS
  33. ^ Fitch, John L. (March 2004). "LSPR Background: zSeries Capacity Planning" (PDF). IBM. p. 18.
  34. ^ "Subject: Processor Speed- C. Watson CPU chart".
  35. ^ Stedman, Craig (18 April 1994). "IBM's parallel mainframes take center stage". Computerworld. p. 89.
  36. ^ Giants of Computing: A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Pioneers, by Gerard O’Regan (2013), ISBN 1447153405. "IBM's machines were water-cooled, while Amdahl's were air-cooled"
  37. ^ IBM Corporation (23 January 2003). "1976". IBM Archives: 1970s. Retrieved Sep 20, 2018.
  38. ^ "Parallel Enterprise Server". PC Magazine Encyclopedia. Retrieved Sep 19, 2018.
  39. ^ Elliott, Jim (2004-08-17). "The Evolution of IBM Mainframes and VM" (PDF). SHARE Session 9140. Retrieved 2007-10-21. Slide 28: "9672 to zSeries".
  40. ^ "S/390 Parallel Enterprise Server Announcement". IBM. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  41. ^ a b Webb, Charles F.; Liptay, John S. (July 1997). "A high-frequency custom CMOS S/390 microprocessor" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 41 (4/5): 463–473. doi:10.1147/rd.414.0463. ISSN 0018-8646.
  42. ^ "Family 9672+05 IBM System/390 Parallel Enterprise Server - Generation 4".
  43. ^ a b "OS/390 V1 R1 LSPR ITR ratios for IBM processors". IBM. Archived from the original on 8 June 2001.
  44. ^ a b "OS/390 V2 R4 LSPR ITR ratios for IBM processors". IBM. Archived from the original on 8 June 2001.
  45. ^ The performance gap between the 9X2 and RY5 reduced over time, as the OS and software were updated; at OS/390 V1 R1, the 9X2's advantage was 8%,[43] but at V2 R4 it was 4%.[44]
  46. ^ Spainhower, Lisa; Gregg, Thomas A. "G4: A Fault-Tolerant CMOS Mainframe" (PDF). IBM.
  47. ^ "Family 9672+06 IBM System/390 Parallel Enterprise Server - Generation 5 IBM United States Sales Manual". IBM.
  48. ^ "IBM'S NEW G5 PROCESSES OVER 1B INTRUCTIONS PER SECOND". HPCwire. July 31, 1998. "This is the first time for a long time that IBM has recaptured the performance lead — and I don't see that Hitachi will catch them."
  49. ^ Prickett Morgan, Timothy (July 28, 1998). "IBM G5 MAINFRAMES GAIN PARITY WITH HITACHI SKYLINES". Computer Business Review archive at Tech Monitor.
  50. ^ Slegel, Timothy J. et al. (March–April 1999). "IBM's S/390 G5 Microprocessor Design". IEEE Micro. 19 (2): 12–23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.466.4970. doi:10.1109/40.755464.
  51. ^ Slegel, Timothy J. (August 17, 1998). "IBM S/390 G5 Microprocessor" (PDF). Hot Chips.
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