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Direct laser interference patterning

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In materials science, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a laser-based technology that uses the physical principle of interference of high-intensity coherent laser beams to produce functional periodic microstructures.[1][2] In order to obtain interference, the beam is divided by a beam splitter, special prisms,[3] or other elements. The beams are then folded together to form an interference pattern. Sufficiently high power of the laser beam can thus result in the removal of material at the interference maximums thanks to ablation phenomenon, leaving the material intact at the minimums. In this way, a repeatable pattern can be permanently fixed on the surface of a given material.[citation needed] DLIP can be applied to almost any material and can change the properties of surfaces in many technological areas with regard to electrical and optical properties[4][5], der TribologieCite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The method he utilized was based on the interference principle using laser radiation. Mücklich, who had already gained intensive theoretical and experimental experience with interference phenomena during his doctorate, decided to use it by applying high laser intensity for the development of local and periodic variation of the microstructure due to metallurgical effects. With the help of funding he got from the Alfried Krupp sponsorship in 1997, he was able to realise this concept in the laboratories of his Chair for Functional Materials at Saarland University, by acquiring a nanosecond laser and the necessary optical equipment.

What was noticeable in the experiments, however, was that in addition to the local metallurgical effects observed, i.e. microstructural changes in the material (like grain size distribution, orientation), also the micro-topography of the surface could be controlled. Furthermore, the geometry of the periodic pattern depended on the number of interfering laser beams, their angle with respect to the materia’s surface and the beam polarization. In this way, the history of Direct Laser Interference Patterning started.[6]

Inspired by Nachtigall's bionics research, the joint idea initially arose of reproducing the surface structures that were typical in living natural systems and evolutionarily optimised for the respective "functionalities" in plants and animals within the framework of the interdisciplinary research topic of "Biologically Composed Materials". The work with his doctoral student at the time, Andrés Lasagni, was particularly inspiring and achieved rapid successes together: in 2006, Lasagni received his doctorate as the best doctoral student of the year for structuring by laser interference metallurgy in the micro/nano range ("Advanced design of periodical structures by laser interference metallurgy in the micro/nano scale on macroscopic areas"[7]). For their successful publications, the jury of the International Journal of Materials Research - IJMR awarded Frank Mücklich, Andrés Lasagni and Claus Daniel the Werner Koester Prize of the DGM.

In 2008, after his postdoctoral stay as a Humboldt Fellow in the USA, Lasagni returned to Germany with a Fraunhofer Attract Grant and established a research team on "Surface Functionalization" at the Fraunhofer IWS, in Dresden. There he developed many compact optics[8][9][10][11] which are crucial for the robust application of today's DLIP technology, while Mücklich and his team in Saarbrücken continued to open up new materials engineering application fields for surface functionalisation through DLIP and in 2009 opened the Material Engineering Center Saarland, where direct industry collaborations promoted the technology transfer.

In 2013, Andrés Lasagni received the DGM's Masing Memorial Award for his extraordinary achievements.

Later in 2016, Mücklich’s and Lasagni’s teams were awarded the Berthold Leibinger Innovation Prize for the development of direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) for their joint innovative laser technology platform and uniquely successful cooperation.

Together with Dominik Britz and Ralf Zastrau, Mücklich and Lasagni founded the company SurFunction GmbH to commercialise the technology on the market for the first time.

Advantages of the method

  • It is possible to create microstructures directly on the material on a scale much larger than in the case of direct laser writing (DLW). The image created as a result of interference can have dimensions on the order of single centimeters, which enables the creation of a large surface structure in a single step.
  • Another advantage is that the number of elements in the experimental setup is reduced due to the interference phenomenon.
  • The dimensions of the microstructure can be on the order of 100 nm, which is not achievable with direct laser writing.

Types of interferometers

There are many ways to separate the laser beam, including interferometers based on:

References

  1. ^ Yu, Fayou; Li, Ping; Shen, Hao; Mathur, Sanjay; Lehr, Claus-Michael; Bakowsky, Udo; Mücklich, Frank (2005-05-01). "Laser interference lithography as a new and efficient technique for micropatterning of biopolymer surface". Biomaterials. 26 (15): 2307–2312. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.07.021. PMID 15585233.
  2. ^ a b Czyż, Krzysztof; Marczak, Jan; Major, Roman; Mzyk, Aldona; Rycyk, Antoni; Sarzyński, Antoni; Strzelec, Marek (August 2016). "Selected laser methods for surface structuring of biocompatible diamond-like carbon layers". Diamond and Related Materials. 67: 26–40. Bibcode:2016DRM....67...26C. doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2016.01.013.
  3. ^ a b Czyż, Krzysztof (2016-08-05). "The influence of surface topography elaborated by prism optics based laser interference modification on cell differentiation". Inżynieria Materiałowa. 1 (4): 10–16. doi:10.15199/28.2016.4.2.
  4. ^ Teutoburg-Weiss, Sascha; Soldera, Marcos; Bouchard, Felix; Kreß, Joshua; Vaynzof, Yana; Lasagni, Andrés Fabián (2022-07-01). "Structural colors with embedded anti-counterfeit features fabricated by laser-based methods". Optics & Laser Technology. 151: 108012. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108012. ISSN 0030-3992.
  5. ^ "Comparison of Structural Colors Achieved by Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures and Direct Laser Interference Patterning", Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering, 2020-09, doi:10.2961/jlmn.2020.02.2004, ISSN 1880-0688 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Andrés F. Lasagni, Carsten Gachot, Kim E. Trinh, Michael Hans, Andreas Rosenkranz (2017-02-17), "Direct laser interference patterning, 20 years of development: from the basics to industrial applications", SPIE Proceedings, vol. 10092, SPIE, pp. 186–196, doi:10.1117/12.2252595{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Andrés Fabián Lasagni (2006), Advanced design of periodical structures by laser interference metallurgy in the micro/nano scale on macroscopic areas, doi:10.22028/D291-22362, retrieved 2022-09-19
  8. ^ DE102013004869B4, Roch, Teja; Benke, Dimitri & Lasagni, Andrés Fabián, "Verfahren zur Ausbildung einer Strukturierung an Oberflächen von Bauteilen mit einem Laserstrahl", issued 2016-06-09 
  9. ^ DE102011119764B4, Lasagni, Andrés Fabián, "Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Interferenzstrukturierung von flächigen Proben und deren Verwendung", issued 2015-04-30 
  10. ^ DE102011011734B4, Teja, Dipl-Phys Roch; Eckhard, Prof Dr Beyer & Lasagni, Andrés Fabián, "Vorrichtung, Anordnung und Verfahren zur Interferenzstrukturierung von flächigen Proben", issued 2014-12-24 
  11. ^ DE102018216221A1, Lasagni, Andrés-Fabián & Voisiat, Bogdan, "Verfahren zur Herstellung einer strukturierten Oberfläche auf einem Gegenstand", issued 2020-03-26 
  12. ^ Divliansky, Ivan B.; Shishido, Atsushi; Khoo, Iam-Choon; Mayer, Theresa S.; Pena, David; Nishimura, Suzushi; Keating, Christine D.; Mallouk, Thomas E. (2001-11-19). "Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals using interference lithography and electrodeposition of CdSe". Applied Physics Letters. 79 (21): 3392–3394. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..79.3392D. doi:10.1063/1.1420584. ISSN 0003-6951.
  13. ^ Hauschwitz, Petr; Jochcová, Dominika; Jagdheesh, Radhakrishnan; Cimrman, Martin; Brajer, Jan; Rostohar, Danijela; Mocek, Tomáš; Kopeček, Jaromír; Lucianetti, Antonio; Smrž, Martin (January 2020). "Large-Beam Picosecond Interference Patterning of Metallic Substrates". Materials. 13 (20): 4676. Bibcode:2020Mate...13.4676H. doi:10.3390/ma13204676. PMC 7590036. PMID 33092278.
  14. ^ Boor, Johannes de; Geyer, Nadine; Gösele, Ulrich; Schmidt, Volker (2009-06-15). "Three-beam interference lithography: upgrading a Lloyd's interferometer for single-exposure hexagonal patterning". Optics Letters. 34 (12): 1783–1785. Bibcode:2009OptL...34.1783D. doi:10.1364/OL.34.001783. ISSN 1539-4794. PMID 19529702.
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