Out-of-the-loop performance problem
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The out-of-the-loop performance problem (OOL or OOTL[1]) arises when an operator suffers from performance decrement as a consequence of automation.[2][3] The potential loss of skills and of situation awareness caused by vigilance and complacency problems might make operators of automated systems inable to operate manually of case of system failure. Highly automated systems reduce the operator to monitoring role, which deminishes the chances for the operator to understand the system.[4] It is related to mind wandering.[4]
Etymology
One of the first mentions of OOL came up in the context of flight automation in 1980s.[5]
Consequences
Three Mile Island accident in 1979, USAir Flight 5050 crash in 1989, Air France Flight 447 in 2009 and the loss of $400 million by Knight Capital Group in 2012 are attributed to OOL.[3][6]
Automatic train operation
Automatic train operation is meant to reduce manual operation. This results in OOL performance problem for train drivers.[7]
See also
References
- ^ Merat, Natasha; Seppelt, Bobbie; Louw, Tyron; Engström, Johan; Lee, John D.; Johansson, Emma; Green, Charles A.; Katazaki, Satoshi; Monk, Chris; Itoh, Makoto; McGehee, Daniel; Sunda, Takashi; Unoura, Kiyozumi; Victor, Trent; Schieben, Anna; Keinath, Andreas (1 February 2019). "The "Out-of-the-Loop" concept in automated driving: proposed definition, measures and implications". Cognition, Technology & Work. 21 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1007/s10111-018-0525-8. ISSN 1435-5566.
- ^ Endsley, Mica R.; Kiris, Esin O. (June 1995). "The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 37 (2): 381–394. doi:10.1518/001872095779064555. ISSN 0018-7208.
- ^ a b Kaber, David B.; Endsley, Mica R. (1997). "Out-of-the-loop performance problems and the use of intermediate levels of automation for improved control system functioning and safety". Process Safety Progress. 16 (3): 126–131. doi:10.1002/prs.680160304. ISSN 1066-8527.
- ^ a b Gouraud, Jonas; Berberian, Bruno; Delorme, Arnaud (1 January 2018). "Chapter 54 - Link Between Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Mind Wandering: How to Keep the Operator in the Loop". Neuroergonomics. Academic Press: 239.
- ^ Wiener, Earl L.; Nagel, David C. (1988). Human Factors in Aviation. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-0-12-750031-7.
- ^ Berberian, Bruno; Gouraud, Jonas; Somon, Bertille; Sahai, Aisha; Le Goff, Kevin (2017). "My Brain Is Out of the Loop: A Neuroergonomic Approach of OOTL Phenomenon". Augmented Cognition. Neurocognition and Machine Learning. Springer International Publishing: 3–18. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58628-1_1.
- ^ Wang, Aobo; Guo, Beiyuan; Du, Hao; Bao, Haifeng (2022). "Impact of Automation at Different Cognitive Stages on High-Speed Train Driving Performance". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems: 1–10. doi:10.1109/TITS.2022.3211709. ISSN 1558-0016.
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