User:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables

References

For an introduction, see Help:Magic words for beginners.

For Wikipedia ‘Magic Words’ how-to, see H:MW, WP:MAGIC, WP:MAGICWORD, and WP:MAGICWORDS.

Further information: mw:Help:Magic words § Behavior switches

Further information: mw:Help:Magic words § Variables, and Wikipedia:Page name § sub

Further information: mw:Help:Magic words § Parser functions, and mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions

Further information: Help:Conditional expressions

Copied references to sort and format

(including parser functions, variables and behavior switches) are features of wiki markup that give instructions to Wikipedia's underlying MediaWiki software. For example, magic words can suppress or position the table of contents, disable indexing by external search engines, and produce output dynamically based on the current page or on user-defined conditional logic. Some of these features are especially useful for templates. This page is a quick reference for magic words. For more information, refer to the main MediaWiki documentation: mw:Help:Magic words: All standard magic words, including the "standard" parser functions. mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions: Additional parser functions, including conditional expressions. From w:Magic: In general, there are three types of magic words. Behavior switches: often appear in double underscores, all uppercase, e.g., __NOTOC__. They will change the behavior of a page, rather than return a value. Parser functions: all in lowercase. A parser function will be followed by colon and pipe-separated parameters, e.g., {{#ifexpr:Y|Yes|No}}, wrapped in double braces. They will take a value and return a value. Variables: these are all uppercase, e.g., {{PAGENAME}}. A variable will be wrapped in double braces and will return a value in its place. The software generally interprets magic words in the following way: Magic words are case sensitive. White space is generously allowed for readability. It will be stripped from the start and end of their keywords and parameters (as is also done inside templates). They can be transcluded, even variables "about the current page". This is ensured by the parsing order. Instead of magically transforming into HTML instructions, <nowiki> tags remove this magic so a magic word can itself be displayed (documented), e.g. <nowiki>{{#magic:}}</nowiki>or {{#magic:<nowiki/>}}. Magic words compared to templates: As with templates, magic words can be transcluded and substituted.

Evaluates expression (see m:Help:Calculation). For the use of these functions in tables, see Help:Conditional tables. See also mw:Localisation mw:Manual:Extending wiki markup CoreParserFunctions.php wikEd, a MediaWiki editor with syntax highlighting for templates and parser functions Preferences → Gadgets → Editing → Syntax highlighter Preferences → Beta features → Wiki syntax highlighting Special:Version, see last section "Parser function hooks":a list that should include all of the magic words on this page {{Ifexist not redirect}}, works with the {{#ifexist:}}expression while allowing redirects to be identified and parsed differently {{collapse top}} {{he:עזרה:משתנים}} [[he:עזרה:משתנים]]

Examples (live)

Section notes
(note: add labels for each, or create a template to do that automatically) (note: allow ‘transcluding’ this section into other pages for (temporary) troubleshooting purposes?) (note: these ‘magic word variables’ can be given a different page name as a parameter, but they use a colon (:) instead of the pipe (|) character used with regular MediaWiki templates)

Page variables:

• User:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables
• Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables
• Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos
• Jim Grisham
• Rendered variables
• User:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables

• User:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables
• User talk:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables
• 2
• User
• User
• User
• User talk
• Template:SHORTDESC (en-wp only)

Page variables (encoded versions):

• User:Jim_Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered_variables
• Jim_Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered_variables
• Jim_Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos
• Jim_Grisham
• Rendered_variables
• User:Jim_Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered_variables
• User:Jim_Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered_variables
• User_talk:Jim_Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered_variables
• 2
• User
• User
• User
• User_talk
• Template:SHORTDESC (en-wp only)

Site variables:

• Wikipedia
• //en.wikipedia.org
• en.wikipedia.org
• /w
• 1.45.0-wmf.4 (146aca8)

Other variables:

Current date and time:

Page revision data:

Wiki statistics:

Parser functions - Metadata:

Transcluded help page

"WP:MAGIC" redirects here. For WikiProject Magic, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Magic. "H:MW" redirects here. For the MediaWiki namespace, see Help:MediaWiki namespace. For information about the entire MediaWiki software application, see MediaWiki. For an introduction, see Help:Magic words for beginners. Magic words (including parser functions, variables, and behavior switches) are features of wiki markup that give instructions to Wikipedia's underlying MediaWiki software. For example, magic words can suppress or position the table of contents, disable indexing by external search engines, and produce output dynamically based on the current page or on user-defined conditional logic. Some of these features are especially useful for templates. This page is a quick reference for magic words. For more information, refer to the main MediaWiki documentation: mw:Help:Magic words: All standard magic words, including the "standard" parser functions. mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions: Additional parser functions, including conditional expressions. General information In general, there are three types of magic words. Behavior switches: often appear in double underscores, all uppercase, e.g., __NOTOC__. They will change the behavior of a page, rather than return a value. Parser functions: all in lowercase. A parser function will be followed by colon and pipe-separated parameters, e.g., {{#ifexpr:Y|Yes|No}}, wrapped in double braces. They will take a value and return a value. Variables: these are all uppercase, e.g., {{PAGENAME}}. A variable will be wrapped in double braces and will return a value in its place. The software generally interprets magic words in the following way: Magic words are case sensitive. White space is generously allowed for readability. It will be stripped from the start and end of their keywords and parameters (as is also done in template calls using named parameters). They can be transcluded, even variables "about the current page". This is ensured by the parsing order. Instead of magically transforming into HTML instructions, <nowiki> tags remove this magic so a magic word can itself be displayed (documented), e.g. <nowiki>{{#magic:}}</nowiki>or {{#magic:<nowiki/>}}. Magic words compared to templates: As with templates, magic words can be transcluded and substituted. The names of magic words are purposely chosen to be unlike the names of templates, and vice versa. Many parser function names will begin with a #(pound or hash), but template names will not start with a #, and probably not end in a :(colon), or be all-uppercase. The first parameter's syntax differs. In {{#magic: p1 | p2 | p3}}, the name is #magicand it is followed by an unspaced :and a required input parameter, p1. With a template, p1is optional and it is preceded by a |(pipe) instead of a :, e.g. {{template|p1}}. Most magic words can be used in any needed locations on a page; see MOS:ORDER for guidance on where Wikipedia prefers to place some magic words that are behavior switches (examples: DEFAULTSORT and DISPLAYTITLE). Behavior switches Further information: mw:Help:Magic words § Behavior switches Switch Description __TOC__ Places the page's table of contents (TOC) at the word's position. This magic word does not work in skins that present the table of contents outside the article content e.g. the default Vector 2022 skin. __FORCETOC__ Forces the TOC to appear in its default position, even when there are fewer than four headings. Can be used anywhere on a page. This magic word does not work in skins that present the table of contents outside the article content e.g. the default Vector 2022 skin. __NOTOC__ Suppresses the appearance of the page's TOC. Can be used anywhere on a page. __NOEDITSECTION__ Hides the "edit" links normally beside all headings on the page. To hide the edit link beside a particular heading, specify the heading using e.g. an HTML tag such as <h2>heading</h2> rather than with the usual wiki equals-signs syntax (e.g. == heading == ). __ARCHIVEDTALK__ Hides the "Reply" button __NEWSECTIONLINK__ On non-talk pages, adds a "New section" link as a means to add a new section to the page. __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ Removes the "New section" link (the add-new-section link) on talk pages. __NOGALLERY__ Replaces thumbnails on a category page with normal links. __HIDDENCAT__ Makes a category hidden when included on that category's page. __INDEX__ Instructs search engines to index the page. __NOINDEX__ Instructs search engines not to index the page. See Wikipedia:Controlling search engine indexing. __STATICREDIRECT__ Prevents the link on a redirection page from being updated automatically when the page to which it redirects is moved (and "Update any redirects that point to the original title" is selected). __DISAMBIG__ Marks a page as a disambiguation page, adds it to Special:DisambiguationPages and places inward links in Special:DisambiguationPageLinks. (See mw:Extension:Disambiguator.) {{DISPLAYTITLE:title}} Used to amend the displayed form of the page's title. {{DEFAULTSORT:sortkey}} Sets the default key (the index) under which the page is categorised. Functionality is documented at Help:Category § Default sort key, and guidelines are at Wikipedia:Categorization § Sort keys. {{NOEXTERNALLANGLINKS}} (equivalent to {{NOEXTERNALLANGLINKS:*}} ) Suppresses the automated inclusion of Wikidata interlanguage links on the lefthand side of the page. Links to particular rather than all languages may be suppressed by using {{NOEXTERNALLANGLINKS:list}}, where list a pipe-delimited list of language codes (e.g. {{NOEXTERNALLANGLINKS:fr|es|ja}} to suppress the French ("fr"), Spanish ("es") and Japanese ("ja") interlanguage links). Variables Further information: mw:Help:Magic words § Variables, and Wikipedia:Page name § sub "WP:VAR" redirects here. For policies and guidelines with WP:*VAR shortcuts, mostly about style matters, see WP:VARS. "WP:PAGENAME" redirects here. For the article naming policy, see Wikipedia:Article titles. Page name variable Output Description {{FULLPAGENAME}} User:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables Canonical page name. Title line. Title unless letter-case is altered with {{DISPLAYTITLE}}. {{PAGENAME}} Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables Title line excluding namespace. {{BASEPAGENAME}} Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos Title of parent page, excluding namespace. {{ROOTPAGENAME}} Jim Grisham Title of topmost parent (before all subpages), excluding namespace. {{SUBPAGENAME}} Rendered variables On a subpage, rightmost portion of current title; higher subpagenames show as backlinks. {{ARTICLEPAGENAME}} User:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables Title of the subject page associated with the current page. These are useful on talk pages (but see note about Category talk pages). {{SUBJECTPAGENAME}} User:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables {{TALKPAGENAME}} User talk:Jim Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered variables Title of the talk page associated with the current page. Useful on subject pages. {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} 2 Number of the current page's namespace. {{NAMESPACE}} User Namespace of the title. {{ARTICLESPACE}} User On a talk page, the namespace part of the title of the associated subject page. {{SUBJECTSPACE}} User {{TALKSPACE}} User talk Namespace of the talk page associated with the current page. {{FULLPAGENAMEE}}, {{PAGENAMEE}},  (etc.) User:Jim_Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered_variables, Jim_Grisham/Sandbox/Reference/Demos/Rendered_variables, (etc.) Adding an E to the end of the above variables, renders the above encoded for use in MediaWiki URLs (i.e. with underscores replacing spaces). {{SHORTDESC}} Only works on the English Wikipedia, where it displays a short description below the article title on mobile platforms. See Wikipedia:Short description.  Note: The magic words above can also take a parameter, in order to parse values on a page other than the current page. A colon (:) is used to pass the parameter, rather than a pipe (|) that is used in templates, like {{MAGICWORD:value}}. For example, {{TALKPAGENAME:Wikipedia:MOS}} returns Wikipedia talk:MOS on any page.  Caution: Attempting to use (some) page name variables to create a wikilink to an image page, category page or interlanguage link will produce a different effect: this will respectively place the image on the page, add the page to the category, or create an interlanguage link at the edge of the page. To override this normal behavior, prefix the variable with a colon (:); for example [[:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]. For more details on parser functions that relate to page names and namespaces, see: meta:Help:Page name § Variables and parser functions. Site variable Output Description {{SITENAME}} Wikipedia Site name ($wgSitename). {{SERVER}} //en.wikipedia.org Domain URL ($wgServer). {{SERVERNAME}} en.wikipedia.org Subdomain and domain name. {{ARTICLEPATH}} /wiki/$1 Relative article path ($wgArticlePath). {{SCRIPTPATH}} /w Relative script path ($wgScriptPath). {{STYLEPATH}} /w/skins Relative style path ($wgStylePath). {{CURRENTVERSION}} 1.45.0-wmf.4 (146aca8) Returns current MediaWiki version. Other variables by type Current date and time Universal time Local-website time Variable Output Variable Output {{CURRENTYEAR}} 2025 {{LOCALYEAR}} 2025 {{CURRENTMONTH}} 06 {{LOCALMONTH}} 06 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} June {{LOCALMONTHNAME}} June {{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}} Jun {{LOCALMONTHABBREV}} Jun {{CURRENTDAY}} 8 {{LOCALDAY}} 8 {{CURRENTDAY2}} 08 {{LOCALDAY2}} 08 {{CURRENTDOW}} 0 {{LOCALDOW}} 0 {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} Sunday {{LOCALDAYNAME}} Sunday {{CURRENTTIME}} 21:29 {{LOCALTIME}} 21:29 {{CURRENTHOUR}} 21 {{LOCALHOUR}} 21 {{CURRENTWEEK}} 23 {{LOCALWEEK}} 23 {{CURRENTTIMESTAMP}} 20250608212932 {{LOCALTIMESTAMP}} 20250608212932 Page revision data Variable Output {{REVISIONDAY}} 17 {{REVISIONDAY2}} 17 {{REVISIONMONTH}} 07 {{REVISIONYEAR}} 2022 {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} 20220717234744 {{REVISIONUSER}} Jim Grisham Wiki statistics {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} 63,299,791 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 7,005,908 {{NUMBEROFFILES}} 937,986 {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} 1,289,867,770 {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} 49,251,332 {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} 839 {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} 115,439 Parser functions Further information: mw:Help:Magic words § Parser functions, and mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions Metadata Function Description {{PAGEID}} Unique page identifier number (for example, this page's ID is 71317940). {{PAGESIZE:fullpagename}} Size of named page in bytes (for example, this page is 8,154 bytes). {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:action|fullpagename}} Protection level assigned to action ("edit", "move", etc.) on named page (this page's protection level for "edit" is autoconfirmed). {{PROTECTIONEXPIRY:action|fullpagename}} Protection expiry assigned to action ("edit", "move", etc.) on named page (this page's protection expiry is infinity). {{PENDINGCHANGELEVEL:fullpagename}} Protection level for pending changes on the named page (this page, which doesn't have one, is). {{PAGESINCATEGORY:categoryname}} Number of pages in the category named categoryname. Each subcategory is counted as one item. {{NUMBERINGROUP:groupname}} Number of users in the user group named groupname. Page IDs can be associated with articles via wikilinks (i.e. Special:Redirect/page/3235121 goes to this page). To output numbers without comma separators (for example, as "123456789" rather than "123,456,789"), append the parameter |R. Formatting Further information: mw:Help:Magic words § Formatting Function Description {{lc:string}} Converts all characters in string to lower case. {{lcfirst:string}} Converts first character of string to lower case. {{uc:string}} Converts all characters in string to upper case. {{ucfirst:string}} Converts first character of string to upper case. {{formatnum:unformatted_number}} {{formatnum:formatted_num |R}} Adds comma separators to an unformatted_number (e.g. 123456789 becomes 123,456,789). To remove such formatting, use {{formatnum:formatted_number|R}} (i.e. {{formatnum:7,654,321|R}}, for example, produces 7654321). {{#dateformat:date|format}} {{#formatdate:date|format}} Formats a date according to user preferences; a default can be given as an optional case-sensitive second parameter for users without date preference; can convert a date from an existing format to any of dmy, mdy, ymd, or ISO 8601 formats, with the user's preference overriding the specified format. {{padleft:xyz|stringlength}} {{padright:xyz|stringlength}} {{padleft:xyz|length|padstr}} {{padright:xyz|length|padstr}} Pad with zeroes '0' to the right or left, to fill the given length; an alternative padding string can be given as a third parameter; the repeated padding string (padstr) will be truncated if its length does not evenly divide the required number of characters. {{plural:N|singular|plural}} Outputs singular if N is equal to 1, otherwise outputs plural. See the documentation at mediawiki.org for more details. {{#time:format|object}} {{#timel:format|object}} {{#time:d F Y|date|langcode}} {{#timef:object|format type|langcode}} Used to format dates and times, for ISO format, dots or English month names. #timel and #timefl are based on local time as defined for each wiki; for English Wikipedia, this is identical to #time and #timef. The optional 3rd parameter is the output language code (French, German, Swedish: fr, de, sv, etc.). Example Finnish: {{#time:d F Y|June 30, 2016|fi}} shows: 30 kesäkuu 2016 (June). ISO to German: {{#time:d. M Y|1987-10-31|de}} shows: 31. Okt. 1987. For format codes, see: mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##time. Use the format {{#time: H:i, j F Y (e)|...}} to match the format used by timestamps in signatures. #timef formats a date using a standard format for the selected language, see: mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef. {{gender:user|m_out|f_out|u_out}} Outputs m_out, f_out or u_out according to whether the gender specified in user 's preferences is, respectively, male, female or unspecified. Other parameter permutations are available, see mw:Help:Magic words#gender and translatewiki:Gender. {{#tag:tagname|content with magic}} Only way to evaluate magic words inside a tag, in order to generate <tagname>magic</tagname>. Also handles tag attributes. Details at mw:Help:Magic words#tag. Paths Function Description {{localurl:fullpagename |query}} Relative path to page name. The query parameter is optional. {{fullurl:fullpagename |query}} Absolute path, without protocol prefix (i.e. without " http: " etc.), to page name. The query parameter is optional. {{canonicalurl:fullpagename |query}} Absolute path, including protocol prefix, to page name. The query parameter is optional. {{filepath:filename}} Absolute path to the media file filename. {{urlencode:string}} Encodes string for use in URL query strings; {{urlencode:test string}}, for example, produces: test+string. To encode string for use in URL paths or MediaWiki page names, append, respectively, |PATH or |WIKI (to produce "test%20string" or "test_string"). {{anchorencode:string}} Input encoded for use in MediaWiki URL section anchors. {{ns:n}} Returns the name of the namespace whose index is the number n. For MediaWiki URLs, use {{nse:}}. {{#rel2abs:path}} Converts a relative file path to an absolute path. {{#titleparts:fullpagename|number|first segment}} Splits the fullpagename (title) into that number of segments. Conditional Further information: Help:Conditional expressions Function Description {{#expr:expression}} Evaluates expression (see mw:Manual:Expr parser function syntax). {{#if:string |result1 |result2}} Outputs result2 if string is empty, otherwise outputs result1. {{#ifeq:string1|string2 |result1 |result2}} Outputs result1 if string1 and string2 are equal (alphabetically or numerically), otherwise outputs result2. {{#iferror:test_string |result1 |result2}} Outputs result1 if test_string generates a parsing error, otherwise outputs result2. {{#ifexpr:expression |result1 |result2}} Outputs result1 if expression  is true, otherwise outputs result2. {{#ifexist:pagetitle |result1 |result2}} Outputs result1 if the page [[pagetitle]] exists, otherwise outputs result2. Note that underscores are needed for spaces in namespaces. {{#switch:string |c1=r1 |c2=r2 ... |default}} Outputs r1 if string is c1, r2 if string is c2, etc., otherwise outputs default (if provided). If, in these conditional functions, empty unnamed parameters are to be parsed as empty rather than as text (i.e. as empty rather than as the text "{{{1}}}", "{{{2}}}", etc.), they will require trailing pipes (i.e. {{{1|}}}, {{{2|}}}, etc., rather than {{{1}}}, {{{2}}}, etc.). For the use of these functions in tables, see Help:Conditional tables. Other Function Description {{#babel:code1|code2|...}} Render userboxes telling your language skills. Improves upon {{Babel}} (an alternative). {{#categorytree:category|...}} List pages in a category, recursively. {{#coordinates:arg1|arg2|...}} Save the GeoData coordinates of the subject to the page's database. Used in {{coord}}. {{#invoke:module|function|arg1|...}} Use Scribunto to transclude a lua template, e.g. function replace in module String. {{#language:code1|code2}} Print the name represented by the language code, e.g. en → English. Print in language 2 if given, e.g. {{#language:en|zh}} prints 英语 {{#lst:}}, {{#lsth:}}, {{#lstx:}} Three ways to transclude a section of a page. {{#mentor:Username}} Display the currently assigned mentor for target Username, if set. {{#property:arg1|arg2|...}} Include a property (Wikidata) from a named entity, instead of the default on the page. {{#related:...}} Links to similar topics, to engage readers. (Beta feature.) {{#section:}}, {{#section-h:}}, {{#section-x:}} Aliases for {{#lst:}}, {{#lsth}}, {{#lstx}} (above). {{#statements:arg1|...}} Display the value of any statement (Wikidata) included in an item. {{#target:fullpagename}} Send a message to a list of talk pages on the fullpagename, using the MassMessage function. {{int:pagename}} Transclude an interface message, i.e. a pagename in MediaWiki namespace {{!}} Used to include a pipe character as part of a template argument or table cell contents. Before this was added as a magic word, many wikis implemented this by creating Template:! with | as the content. {{=}} Used to include an equal sign as part of a template argument or table cell contents. Before this was added as a magic word, many wikis implemented this by creating Template:= with = as the content. Substituting and nesting Magic words can sometimes behave weirdly when substituted or nested. It's possible to subst some magic words (so that the page stops being updated if the value of the word changes). Here are some examples of how this works: ? Code Output N {{PAGESIZE}} 0 Y {{PAGESIZE:Help:Magic words}} 36,447 Y {{subst:PAGESIZE:Help:Magic words}} 36,447 Y {{PAGESIZE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} 8,154 N {{subst:PAGESIZE:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} 0 Y {{PAGESIZE:{{subst:FULLPAGENAME}}}} 36,447 Y {{subst:PAGESIZE:{{subst:FULLPAGENAME}}}} 8,154 See also mw:Localisation mw:Manual:Extending wiki markup CoreParserFunctions.php Preferences → Gadgets → Editing → (S) Syntax highlighter: Alternative to the default coloring of wiki syntax in the edit box (works best in Firefox and works almost all of the time in Chrome and Opera) Special:Version, see last section "Parser function hooks":a list that should include all of the magic words on this page {{Ifexist not redirect}}, works with the {{#ifexist:}} expression while allowing redirects to be identified and parsed differently Notes

Related templates

Subpages: all subpages of this page

Notes

Using templates for fun and profit

‘Show variable example’ template See: {{User:Jim Grisham/Templates/Show variable example}} Invoking {{User:Jim Grisham/Templates/Show variable example|Namespace}}: Variant 1 Typing {{User:Jim Grisham/Templates/Show variable example|Namespace}} ... would produce: Variable {{NAMESPACE}} User ... by replacing itself with the following HTML and wikitext: <dt class="variable-name">[[Help:Magic words#Variables|Variable]] ''<nowiki>{{NAMESPACE}}</nowiki>''</dt> <dd class="variable-output">{{NAMESPACE}}</dd> (Note: this appears to work even without wrapping itself within HTML ‘dictionary list’ tags (i.e. <dl>…</dl>) Variant 2 Typing {{User:Jim Grisham/Templates/Show variable example|Namespace}} ... would produce: Variable {{NAMESPACE}}: User ... by replacing itself with the following HTML and wikitext: <span class="variable-name">[[Help:Magic words#Variables|Variable]] '''<nowiki>{{NAMESPACE}}</nowiki>''':</span> <span class="variable-output">{{NAMESPACE}}</span> Variant 3 (to do: an entire table row, using either Wiki or HTML markup) Test data Notes on template design Could I use another template to automate the creation of documentation itself (instead of typing it manually as I did for the variants above? (July 2022-jhg)