Non-explosive reactive armor
Non-explosive reactive armor (NxRA), also known as non-energetic reactive armor (NERA), is a type of vehicle armor used by modern main battle tanks and heavy infantry fighting vehicles. NERA advantages over the explosive reactive armor (ERA) are that they are inexpensive, completely passive and thus easy to integrate on armored vehicles.[1]
Operating mechanism
NERA operating principle relies on the speed deviation of a shock wave propagating in different materials.
When a projectile such as a shaped-charge jet hits the front metal plate, this generates a shock wave that will travel at high speed inside the metallic layer and then encounters a confined non-metallic material with elastic properties. Due to the lower propagation velocity of the non-metallic material, the shock wave diffracts and causes a brutal acceleration of the metallic back plate whose deformation is hard enough to cause lateral interference destabilize and shear the shaped-charge jet and consume it.[2][3]
Layout
NERA typically consists of three-layer composite sandwich structure sloped between 50° and 60°.[4] In order to guarantee an excellent multi-hit capability against threats, the sandwiches are overlapped in a spaced configuration forming an array.[5]
Materials
The two metallic plates in the NERA sandwich are made of steels of different hardness and thickness, depleted uranium plates were also tested.[6] Rubber and plastic were firstly used as inner non-metallic material but foam, nylon, polycarbonate, glass, elastomer and more energetic material such as Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) are also used.[7]
History
British developments
The threat posed by antitank guided missiles was clearly recognized by the FVRDE and as a result, a research program was initiated in 1963. The program was largely of an empirical nature and was directed by Dr G.N Harvey, then Assistant Director of Research at FVRDE (who has been generally credited with the invention of Chobham armor) in collaboration with J.P Downey, who was responsible for its extensive series of firing trials.
The research program began to bear fruit in 1964, and by the following year had resulted in the creation a new from of armor which was more than twice as effective against shaped charges as rolled homogeneous armor of the same weight, and at least as effective as the latter against kinetic energy armor-piercing projectiles. The new armor was then called Chobham armour, after the location of FVRDE.[8]
In 1968 work began on applying it to tanks and a feasibility study on fitting Chobham armor (then called Burlington) to the Chieftain main battle tank was undertaken.[9]
By February 1970 a decision was taken to build an experimental tank based on the Chieftain Mk. 3 components, which would incoportate Chobham armor. The test vehicle was built at FVRDE in 13 months and was designated as FV4211. In addition to having Chobham armor, the FV4211 was also the first main battle tank to have a hull made of welded aluminium plates to keep down its weight.
German developments
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Russian developments
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French developments
By the end of 1979, the AMX-APX began to investigate further its research on composite armor for the upcoming AMX-40 main battle tank. In order to remain competitive on the foreign market, the new armor was to represent a technological breakthrough compared to spaced armor previously developed for the AMX-32.[10]
Furthermore, the Staff of the French Army (EMAT) had high hopes in the EPC program which was to lead to the creation of the Leclerc main battle tank. Protection against modern threats being a keystone of the program. The armor research department of the AMX-APX was managed at the time by Maurice Bourgeat and his assistant Daniel Vallée, both were weapons scientists and worked closely with the French-German Research Institute of Saint -Louis (ISL) and the Central Technical Establishment of Weapons at Arcueil (ETCA). Under contract to the Technical Center of Land Weapons (CETAM) of Bourges, they developed the first configuration of what would later be named the PAC or Plaques Accélérées par Chocs (French for "Shock-Accelerated Plates") whose working principle and layout can be compared to Non-Explosive Reactive Armor (NERA).
Bourgeat and Vallée later worked on its integration on the Leclerc tank in the form of removable composite modules.[11] They were awarded the 1987 Engineer Chanson Prize for their work.[12]
Notes
References
- ^ "Reactive armor technologies under development for battle tanks". www.asminternational.org. ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES/SEPTEMBER 2001. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ^ Chassillan, Marc. "Ne pas être percé". Raids Hors-Série (5): 56.
- ^ admin (2006-04-25). "Add-On - Reactive Armor Suits". Defense Update. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
- ^ Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 76.
- ^ Chieftain Mk. 5/2 preliminary design study. Chertsey: UK National Archive. 1970. p. 2.
- ^ GB 2377984, Jeffrey Flatley, "Stealth protection/armour", published 29/01/2003, assigned to Brookes Batchellor
- ^ Chassillan, Marc. "Ne pas être percé". Raids Hors-Série (5): 56.
- ^ Bud, Robert; Gummett, Philip (1999). Cold War, Hot Science: Applied Research in Britain's Defence Laboratories 1945-1990. Routledge. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-9057024818.
- ^ Feasibility study of Burlington (Chobham armour) fitted to Chieftain tank (UK National Archives ed.). Chertsey: FVRDE. 1969.
- ^ Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 75.
- ^ Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 76.
- ^ "45ème PRIX AAT – INGENIEUR GENERAL CHANSON" (PDF). starnav.fr. Association de l’Armement Terrestre. Retrieved 5 June 2022.