Jump to content

Moscow, third Rome

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 122.56.76.191 (talk) at 23:25, 1 June 2022. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
For the concept of Third Rome in general (a State claiming to be the successor to the Roman Empire), see Succession of the Roman Empire.
Lesser-version-of-the-coat-of-arms-of-the-Russian-Empire-with-the-double-headed-eagle,-formerly-associated-with-the-Byzantine-Empire

Moscow,-third-Rome-(Russian: Москва — Третий Рим)-is-a-theological-and-political-concept-asserting-that-Moscow-is-the-successor-of-the-Roman-Empire,-representing-a-"third-Rome"-in-succession-to-the-first-Rome-(Rome-itself,-capital-of-Ancient-Rome)-and-the-second-Rome-(Constantinople,-capital-of-the-Eastern-Roman-(Byzantine)-Empire).

Concept

See also: Holy Rus; Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality; and Russian world
See also: Church reform of Peter the Great

"Moscow,-Third-Rome"-is-a-theological-and-a-political-concept-which-was-formulated-in-the-15th–16th-centuries-in-the-Tsardom-of-Rus.[1][unreliable source?]

In-this-concept,-three-interrelated-and-interpenetrating-fields-of-ideas-can-be-found:

Theology
that-is-linked-with-justification-of-necessity-and-inevitability-of-the-unity-of-the-Eastern-Orthodox-Church.
Social-policy
derived-out-of-the-feeling-of-unity-in-East-Slavic-territories-being-historically-tied-through-Christian-Eastern-Orthodox-faith-and-Slavic-culture.
State-doctrine
according-to-which-the-Moscow-Prince-should-act-as-a-supreme-ruler-(Sovereign-and-legislator)-of-Christian-Eastern-Orthodox-nations-and-become-a-defender-of-the-Christian-Eastern-Orthodox-Church.-Herewith-the-Church-should-facilitate-the-Sovereign-in-execution-of-his-function-supposedly-determined-by-God,-the-autocratic-administration.[1]

History

See also: The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir, The Legend of the White Cowl, and Holy Rus
See also: 15th-16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism § Role of the Byzantine emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church, East–West Schism § Other points of conflict, and State church of the Roman Empire § End of the Western Roman Empire

Before-the-fall-of-Constantinople

After-the-fall-of-Tǎrnovo-to-the-Ottoman-Turks-in-1393,-a-number-of-Bulgarian-clergymen-sought-shelter-in-the-Russian-lands-and-transferred-the-idea-of-the-Third-Rome-there,-which-eventually-resurfaced-in-Tver,-during-the-reign-of-Boris-of-Tver,-when-the-monk-Foma-(Thomas)-of-Tver-had-written-The-Eulogy-of-the-Pious-Grand-Prince-Boris-Alexandrovich-in-1453.[2][3]

After-the-fall-of-Constantinople

Symbol-of-the-Palaiologos-dynasty,-the-last-reigning-dynasty-of-the-Byzantine-Empire

Within-decades-after-the-capture-of-Constantinople-by-Mehmed-II-of-the-Ottoman-Empire-on-29-May-1453,-some-Eastern-Orthodox-people-were-nominating-Moscow-as-the-"Third-Rome",-or-the-"New-Rome".[4]

The-Turks-captured-Constantinople-in-1453-and-the-fortress-of-Mangup-–-the-last-fragment-of-the-Empire-of-Trebizond-and-thus-the-Byzantine-Empire-–-fell-at-the-end-of-1475.-Even-before-the-fall-of-Constantinople,-the-Eastern-Orthodox-Slavic-states-in-the-Balkans-had-fallen-under-Turkish-rule.-The-fall-of-Constantinople-caused-tremendous-fears,-many-considered-the-fall-of-Constantinople-as-a-sign-the-End-time-was-near-(in-1492-it-was-7000-Anno-Mundi);-others-believed-that-the-emperor-of-the-Holy-Roman-Empire-(although-he-was-a-Roman-Catholic)-now-took-the-place-of-the-emperors-of-Constantinople.-There-were-also-hopes-that-Constantinople-would-be-liberated-soon.-Moreover,-the-Eastern-Orthodox-Church-was-left-without-its-Eastern-Orthodox-Basileus.-Therefore,-the-question-arose-of-who-would-become-the-new-basileus.-At-the-end-of-the-various-"Tales"-about-the-fall-of-Constantinople,-which-gained-great-popularity-in-Moscow-Russia,-it-was-directly-stated-that-the-Rus'-people-would-defeat-the-Ishmaelites-(Muslims)-and-their-king-would-become-the-basileus-in-the-City-of-Seven-Hills-(Constantinople).-The-Grand-Prince-of-Moscow-remained-the-strongest-of-the-Eastern-Orthodox-rulers;-Ivan-III-married-Sophia-Paleologue,-broke-his-formal-subordination-to-the-Golden-Horde-(already-divided-into-several-Tatar-kingdoms)-and-became-an-independent-ruler.-All-of-this-strengthened-Moscow's-claims-to-primacy-in-the-Eastern-Orthodox-world.-However,-the-liberation-of-Constantinople-was-still-far-away-—-the-Moscow-State-had-no-opportunity-to-fight-the-Ottoman-Empire.[5]

End-of-the-15th-century

At-the-end-of-the-15th-century,-the-emergence-of-the-idea-that-Moscow-is-truly-a-new-Rome-can-be-found;[5]-the-whole-idea-of-Moscow-as-third-Rome-could-be-traced-as-early-as-1492,-when-Metropolitan-of-Moscow-Zosimus-expressed-it.-Metropolitan-Zosima,-in-a-foreword-to-his-work-of-1492-Presentation-of-the-Paschalion-(Russian: "Изложение пасхалии"),[1]-quite-clearly-expressed-it,-calling-Ivan-III-"the-new-Tsar-Constantine-of-the-new-city-of-Constantine-—-Moscow."[5][6]-This-idea-is-best-known-in-the-presentation-of-the-monk-Philotheus-of-the-early-16th-century:[7][8][9]

So know, pious king, that all the Christian kingdoms came to an end and came together in a single kingdom of yours, two Romes have fallen, the third stands, and there will be no fourth [emphasis added]. No one shall replace your Christian Tsardom according to the great Theologian [cf. Revelation 17:10] [...].

The-Moscow-scholars-explained-the-fall-of-Constantinople-as-the-divine-punishment-for-the-sin-of-the-Union-with-the-Catholic-Church,-but-they-did-not-want-to-obey-the-Patriarch-of-Constantinople,-although-there-were-no-unionist-patriarchs-since-the-Turkish-conquest-in-1453-and-the-first-Patriarch-since-then,-Gennadius-Scholarius,-was-the-leader-of-the-anti-unionists.-At-the-next-synod,-held-in-Constantinople-in-1484,-the-Union-was-finally-declared-invalid.-Having-lost-its-Christian-basileus-after-the-Turkish-conquest,-Constantinople-as-a-center-of-power-lost-a-significant-part-of-its-authority.-On-the-contrary,-the-Moscow-rulers-soon-began-to-consider-themselves-real-Tsars-(this-title-was-already-used-by-Ivan-III),-and-therefore-according-to-them-the-center-of-the-Eastern-Orthodox-Church-should-have-been-located-in-Moscow,-and-thus-the-bishop-of-Moscow-should-become-the-head-of-the-Orthodoxy.[5]-The-text-of-the-bishop's-oath-in-Muscovy,-edited-in-1505–1511,-condemned-the-ordination-of-metropolitans-in-Constantinople,-calling-it-"the-ordination-in-the-area-of-godless-Turks,-by-the-pagan[a]-tsar."[10]

Stirrings-of-this-sentiment-began-during-the-reign-of-Ivan-III-of-Russia,-who-styled-himself-Czar-(cf.-Caesar),-who-had-married-Sophia-Paleologue.-Sophia-was-a-niece-of-Constantine-XI,-the-last-Byzantine-emperor.--By-the-rules-and-laws-of-inheritance-followed-by-most-European-monarchies-of-the-time,-Ivan-could-claim-that-he-and-his-offspring-were-heirs-of-the-fallen-Empire,-but-the-Roman-traditions-of-the-empire-had-never-recognized-automatic-inheritance-of-the-Imperial-office.[11]

Since-the-16th-century

See also: Church reform of Peter the Great

It-was-also-Sophia's-brother,-Andreas-Palaiologos,-who-held-the-rights-of-succession-to-the-Byzantine-throne.-Andreas-died-in-1502,-having-sold-his-titles-and-royal-and-imperial-rights-to-Ferdinand-II-of-Aragon-and-Isabella-I-of-Castile.-A-stronger-claim-was-based-on-religious-symbolism.-The-Orthodox-faith-was-central-to-Byzantine-notions-of-their-identity-and-what-distinguished-them-from-"barbarians".-Vladimir-the-Great-had-converted-Kievan-Rus'-to-Orthodoxy-in-988,-in-return-for-which-he-became-the-first-barbarian-to-ever-get-an-Imperial-princess-as-a-wife.[citation needed]

"The-liturgical-privileges-that-the-Byzantine-emperor-enjoyed-carried-over-to-the-Muscovite-tsar.-In-1547,-for-instance,-when-Ivan-IV-was-crowned-tsar,-not-only-was-he-anointed-as-the-Byzantine-emperor-had-been-after-the-late-twelfth-century,-but-he-was-also-allowed-to-communicate-in-the-sanctuary-with-the-clergy."[12]

During-Ecumenical-Patriarch-Jeremias-II's-visit-to-Moscow-in-1588-9-"to-collect-funds-to-assist-the-[Eastern]-Orthodox-communities-living-in-the-Ottoman-Empire",[13]-Jeremias-recognized-in-1589-the-Metropolitan-of-Moscow-as-patriarch.[14]--This-recognition-was-"a-victory-for-those-who-saw-Moscow-as-the-Third-Rome."[13]

Shortly-before-Joseph-II-inherited-the-States-of-the-House-of-Austria,-he-traveled-to-Russia-in-1780.-In-her-conversations-with-him-Catherine-II-made-it-clear-that-she-would-renew-the-Byzantine-empire-and-to-use-her-one-year-old-grandson-Konstantin-as-Emperor-of-Constantinople.-The-guest-tried-to-suggest-to-the-host-that-he-could-be-held-harmless-in-the-Papal-States.[15]

Russian-world

See also: Russian world

The-Russian-world-is-ecclesiastical-in-its-form,-but-geopolitical-in-its-essence;-it-is-a-concept-that-was-put-forward-in-a-keynote-speech-on-November-3,-2009,-by-Patriarch-Kirill-(Gundyayev)-of-Moscow-which-he-described-as-a-"common-civilisational-space"-of-countries-sharing-Eastern-Orthodoxy,-Russian-culture-and-language,-and-a-common-historical-memory.[16][17]-Following-the-historical-setbacks-of-the-doctrines-of-the-Third-Rome-and-Slavophilia,-which-were-initially-intended-respectively-for-the-whole-Christendom-and-for-the-Slavic-world,-the-"Russian-world"-("Gundyayevism")-focused-only-on-the-Eastern-Slavic-countries-of-Eastern-Europe;-that-is,-on-Ukraine-and-Belarus,-while-leading-the-Russian-Orthodox-Church-to-isolate-itself.[18]

The-ideas-of-the-Russian-world-are-used-as-a-justification-for-the-revival-of-the-Russian-Empire.[19]--It-has-been-suggested-that-Vladimir-Putin-envisions-a-recreation-of-Russia's-"mission",-at-least-in-terms-of-the-Slavic-people,[20]-although-it-has-also-been-noted-that-this-viewpoint-may-be-highly-exaggerated.[21]

See-also

Notes

  1. ^ The term "pagan" has been used to refer to any adherent of a different faith and had a very negative connotation. In this case, it is used to designate pejoratively the muslims.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Mashkov, A.D. "МОСКВА - ТРЕТІЙ РИМ" [MOSCOW - THIRD ROME]. leksika.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  2. ^ Kingsford, Anthony (1981-07-16). "Literature in the Muscovite period". Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 2, An Introduction to Russian Language and Literature. CUP Archive. pp. 94. ISBN 9780521280396.
  3. ^ Laats, Alar. The concept of the Third Rome and its political implications (PDF). p. 102.
  4. ^ Parry, Ken; Melling, David, eds. (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-631-23203-2.
  5. ^ a b c d Strémooukhoff, Dimitri (1953). "Moscow the Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine". Speculum. 28 (1): 84–101. doi:10.2307/2847182. JSTOR 2847182. S2CID 161446879.
  6. ^ "ЗОСИМА". www.pravenc.ru. Retrieved 2019-11-01. В «Изложении пасхалии» митрополит провозглашает Москву новым К-полем, Московского вел. князя именует «государем и самодержцем всея Руси, новым царем Константином новому граду Константинову Москве, и всей Русской земле, и иным многим землям государем».
  7. ^ Strémooukhoff, Dimitri (1953). "Moscow the Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine". Speculum. 28 (1): 84–101. doi:10.2307/2847182. JSTOR 2847182. S2CID 161446879. That is why we consider the theory definitively formulated by Philotheus to occupy a central place in Muscovite ideology: it forms the core of the opinions developed by the Muscovites about their fatherland and erects them into a doctrine.
  8. ^ Подосокорский, Николай (2017-07-10). "Послание старца Филофея великому князю Василию III о содомском блуде". philologist.livejournal.com. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  9. ^ "ПОСЛАНИЯ СТАРЦА ФИЛОФЕЯ". pushkinskijdom.ru. 31 October 2019.
  10. ^ Kryvtsov 2001, p. 51.
  11. ^ Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1992). The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (2nd ed.). Hart-Davis. p. 72.
  12. ^ Ostrowski, Donald (1998). Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2002). p. 211. ISBN 9780521894104.
  13. ^ a b Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017-09-01) [1999]. "Jeremias II". The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 263. doi:10.1002/9781405166584. ISBN 978-1-4051-6658-4.
  14. ^ Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017-09-01) [1999]. "Moscow". The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 327. doi:10.1002/9781405166584. ISBN 978-1-4051-6658-4.
  15. ^ Beales, Derek (1987). Joseph II: Volume 1, In the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741-1780. Cambridge University Press. pp. 431–438. ISBN 9780521242400.
  16. ^ Rap, Myroslava (2015-06-24). "Chapter I. Religious context of Ukrainian society today – the background to research". The Public Role of the Church in Contemporary Ukrainian Society: The Contribution of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church to Peace and Reconciliation. Nomos Verlag. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-3-8452-6305-2.
  17. ^ "Выступление Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла на торжественном открытии III Ассамблеи Русского мира / Патриарх / Патриархия.ru" [Speech by His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at the grand opening of the Third Russian World Assembly]. Патриархия.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  18. ^ "Ілюзія "Третього Риму"". tyzhden.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  19. ^ "А Росія – лучше всєх". tyzhden.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  20. ^ The long history of Russian imperialism shaping Putin's war
  21. ^ Some observers mistakenly blame Putin's invasion on an old doctrine

Sources

  • Кривцов, Дмитрий (2001). "Посольство константинопольского вселенского патриарха Феолипта I в Москву в 1518 — 1519 гг. (Эпизод из истории борьбы за признание автокефалии русской Церкви)". Материалы докладов научных конференций, проводившихся в Нижегородском государственном университете им. Н.И. Лобачевского 22 мая 1998 г., 21 мая 1999 г. и 21 мая 2000 г. Нижний Новгород: Издательство ННГУ. pp. 45–67. ISBN 5-85746-624-5.

Further-reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow,_third_Rome&oldid=1091058034"