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Abderrahmane Boushaki
Born
Abderrahmane ben Ali ben Mohamed ben Ali Boushaki

1896 (1896)
Thenia, French Algeria
(now Algeria)
Died1985(1985-00-00) (aged 88–89)
Blida, French Algeria
(now Algeria)
Resting placeThenia Cemetery, Boumerdès Province, Algeria
Known for
MovementFLN
SpouseKhedaouedj Boumerdassi
ChildrenYahia Boushaki (Shahid)
Parents
RelativesSidi Boushaki, Mohamed Seghir Boushaki, Brahim Boushaki

Abderrahmane Boushaki (1896 – 1985) was an Algerian military and politician who participated in World War I, the Algerian National Movement and the outbreak of the Algerian War of Independence.[1][2]

Education

File:Zaouïa de Ouled Boumerdès de Mraïel à Tidjelabine des Aïth Aïcha.jpg
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi

Boushaki was born in 1883 in the village of Soumâa south of the present city of Thenia,[3] about 50 km east of the great city of Algiers, and his family is descended from the Malikite theologian Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453), who he founded the Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki in 1440 during the 15th century.[4]

His father is Ali Boushaki [ar] (1855-1965),[5]​ Muqaddam of Tariqa Rahmaniyyah in Lower Kabylia, while his mother is Lallahoum Ishak Boushaki, a descendant like her husband of the theologian Sidi Boushaki in the Meraldene village branch.

His grandfather Mohamed Boushaki (1838-1893), known by the pseudonym Moh Ouali, was also Muqaddam of Tariqa himself and his paternal and maternal uncles were Muslim imams as were his cousins.

He then received a religious education according to the Algerian Islamic reference in the three mystical schools of Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki, Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi and Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif, as well as a political consciousness according to the ideology of Algerian independence nationalism under the patronage of his paternal uncle Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959).[6][7]

In addition to his academic activity in this Sufi environment, he worked in agriculture and animal husbandry near the surrounding villages of Meraldene, Tabrahimt, Gueddara, Azela and Mahrane.[8][9][10]

World War I

Boushaki was requisitioned since the outbreak of the First World War to go immediately to the military front in France with thousands of young Algerians summoned to participate in the war effort against the Imperial German Army in exchange for the promise of civil and political rights that will be granted to the natives Algerians in case of victory.[11][12]

These promises of the French occupation administration of Algeria to these young people were to reward them by giving Algeria independence, or at least equalizing Algerians with foreign settlers in the rights and duties of citizenship, despite the fatwas of some Algerian theologians forbidding them to enlist in the French troops.[13]

Boushaki then enlisted and forcibly incorporated in 1914 with approximately 173,000 Muslim Algerians into the French Army (80,000 called up and 60,000 committed) under the compulsory military service introduced in 1912, which was initially partial and passed into military service compulsory generalized from 1916.[14]

He was assigned to the soldiers of the 1st Algerian Rifle Regiment of which around 26,000 died or went missing at the end of the great war.[15][16]

While he was fighting at the front, the colonial administration in Algeria promised his family benefits such as commitment bonuses, wages identical to those of the French, pensions and allowances.[17]

He was later wounded in 1916 and his mutilation earned him promotion to the rank of corporal in the Algerian skirmishing troops until the end of hostilities in France.[18][19]

Soldiers who died between 1914 and 1918

Tirailleurs algériens on August 1914.

Several soldiers conscripted in the region of Thénia (former Ménerville) perished in the battles of the Great War between 1914 and 1918, to note the following:[20]

  1. Ahmed Boumachou, born on 23 November 1896, and died on 2 September 1918.
  2. Ahmed Mazouz, born on 24 October 1896, and died on 11 June 1918.
  3. Ali Amraoui, born on 31 January 1898, and died on 14 July 1918.
  4. Ali Bouhedi, presumed born in 1890, and died on 12 September 1916.
  5. Ali Mechem, born on 11 January 1897, and died on 16 April 1917.
  6. Ali Mezali, born on 13 May 1894, and died on 6 January 1916.
  7. Amer Takoucht, presumed born in 1897, and died on 31 August 1918.
  8. Ameur Belhabchia, presumed born in 1888, and died on 12 September 1916.
  9. Hamidah Tirsatine, presumed born in 1894, and died on 8 April 1919.
  10. Lounès Baki, born on 17 December 1894, and died on 11 March 1916.
  11. Mohamed Agha, born on 26 May 1897, and died on 13 May 1919.
  12. Mohamed Agourat, presumed born in 1872, and died on 7 November 1916.
  13. Mohamed Draoui, presumed born in 1897, and died on 20 March 1919.
  14. Mohamed Firas, presumed born in 1892, and died on 15 March 1916.
  15. Mohamed Razibaoune, born on 19 December 1897, and died on 11 March 1917.
  16. Mohamed Haddad, presumed born in 1890, and died on 22 October 1916.
  17. Mohamed Kordali, presumed born in 1892, and died on 20 July 1918.
  18. Mohamed Sida, born on 4 October 1897, and died on 29 August 1918.
  19. Mohamed Taghezoult, born on 20 June 1898, and died on 22 February 1919.
  20. Mohamed Talibi, born on 4 February 1898, and died on 14 February 1919.
  21. Rabah Amalou, presumed born in 1897, and died on 29 October 1918.
  22. Rabah Tariket, born on 1 February 1896, and died on 11 April 1918.
  23. Saïd Younès, born on 4 July 1897, and died on 14 August 1918.
  24. Slimane Mermat, presumed born in 1895, and died on 30 May 1918.

Political activism

File:Barrage de Thénia, Bourdine, Mraldène, Gueddara, Mehrène, Aïth Aïcha, Basse Kabylie, Boumerdès.jpg
Meraldene

Upon his return from the French front, Boushaki was mutilated and spent many years dealing with the scars of the terrible battles on his body.[21][22]

He then married Khedaouedj Boumerdassi, whose ancestor Sidi Boumerdassi founded the Zawiya of Sidi Boumerdassi, and whose village of Ouled Boumerdès is a few kilometers from his village of Soumâa.[23]

In 1935, his wife gave birth to the boy Yahia Boushaki, who brought him some happiness and whom he undertook to educate in the rectitude of Islamic Sufism and independentist military nationalism.[24]

He then undertook with his cousin from Meraldene named Aliouat Ishak Boushaki,[25] who was a soldier in the 6th Algerian skirmishers regiment, a political journey into Thenia, Boudouaou and Algiers in these two colonial cities through the transfer of their families from the villages of Soumâa and Meraldene to the towns of Thénia (Ménerville) and Boudouaou (Alma) respectively.[26][27]

Like his other cousin Rabah Ishak Boushaki also from Meraldene, who was a soldier in the 1st African Field Artillery Group, the dividends of his involvement and his survival after the 1914-1918 world war would come through an active claim for human rights. rights of their families and of the Algerian people from him.[28][29]

Mosques

File:Mosquée El Feth Thénia مسجد الفتح الثنية.jpg
El-Feth Mosque in Thenia.

One of the main consequences of the participation of dozens of cousins and neighbors of Abderrahmane Boushaki in the blood tribute during the Great War, with nearly thirty of them dead as military martyrs in France, was the construction of a mosque for Muslim worship (ibadah) in the colonial town of Thénia.[30][31]

Indeed, the arrival from Azeffoun of the entrepreneur Mohamed Naït Saïdi (1900-1981) in Thénia made it possible to build this mosque in 1934 and around it a whole Islamic complex composed of a well, a hammam, a bakery, a dormitory for passengers, shops and residential houses.[32]

Death

File:Cimetière de Thénia (Djebana El Ghorba) Aïth Aïcha Boumerdès Kabylie.jpg
Cemetery Djebbana El Ghorba.

Corporal Boushaki died in 1985 in his house located on Rua Slimane Ambar, next to the towns of Soumâa, Gueddara and Meraldene.[33]

He was later buried next to his father, the Muqaddam Ali Boushaki, and his uncle Mohamed Seghir Boushaki in the Muslim cemetery of Thénia called Djebbana El Ghorba.[34]

Bibliography

Mountain pass of the city of Thenia.
  • Journal officiel de la République française. Lois et décrets (in francés). Vol. N° 141. Paris: Quai Voltaire. 28 May 1921. p. 72. Citation: p. 41 (6249) {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • L'Algérie mutilée (in francés). Vol. N° 99. Alger: Amicale des mutilés du département d'Alger. 1 April 1925. p. 4. Citation: p. 1 {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Journal officiel de l'Algérie (in francés). Vol. N° 36. Alger: Gouvernement Général de l’Algérie, Direction de l’Intérieur. 7 September 1928. p. 16. Citation: p. 16 (472) {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Journal officiel de l'Algérie (in francés). Vol. N° 31. Alger: Gouvernement Général de l’Algérie, Direction de l’Intérieur. 4 August 1933. p. 20. Citation: p. 17,18 (603-604) {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Journal officiel de l'Algérie (in francés). Vol. N° 31. Alger: Gouvernement Général de l’Algérie, Direction de l’Intérieur. 3 August 1934. p. 16. Citation: p. 15 (597) {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Journal officiel de l'Algérie (in francés). Vol. N° 26. Alger: Gouvernement Général de l’Algérie, Direction de l’Intérieur. 28 June 1935. p. 40. Citation: p. 26 (602) {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • La Tranchée (in francés). Vol. N° 387. Alger: Amicale des Mutilés et Anciens Combattants du Département d'Alger. 31 December 1937. p. 4. Citation: p. 2 {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

See also

References

  1. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6475945b/f43.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  2. ^ https://abdenour-boushaki.blogspot.com/2019/07/abderrahmane-boushaki.html
  3. ^ https://wikimapia.org/31120095/Montagne-Thala-Oufella-Soum%C3%A2a-de-Th%C3%A9nia
  4. ^ https://wikimonde.com/article/Zaou%C3%AFa_de_Sidi_Boushaki
  5. ^ https://abdenour-boushaki.blogspot.com/2019/07/ali-boushaki.html
  6. ^ https://france2.wiki/wiki/Mohamed_Seghir_Boushaki
  7. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t545757w/f8.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  8. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6586446v/f1.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  9. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63719824/f2.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  10. ^ https://wikimapia.org/31120138/Montagne-Tabrahimt-de-Th%C3%A9nia
  11. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6475945b/f43.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  12. ^ https://orientxxi.info/l-orient-dans-la-guerre-1914-1918/les-algeriens-dans-la-premiere-guerre-mondiale,1157
  13. ^ https://www.cairn.info/histoire-de-l-algerie-a-la-periode-coloniale--9782707178374-page-229.htm
  14. ^ http://sourcesdelagrandeguerre.fr/?p=3240
  15. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6335699h/f9.zoom
  16. ^ https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/consultationIR.action?irId=FRAN_IR_051037&udId=cwczeut4k3g--u6qfe0ls997w&details=true&gotoArchivesNums=false&auSeinIR=true
  17. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63719824/f2.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  18. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6586446v/f1.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  19. ^ https://www.france24.com/fr/20140130-premiere-guerre-mondiale-troupes-maghreb-tirailleurs-marocains-algeriens
  20. ^ https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/consultationIR.action?irId=FRAN_IR_051037&udId=cwczeut4k3g--u6qfe0ls997w&details=true&gotoArchivesNums=false&auSeinIR=true
  21. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6586446v/f1.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  22. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5328689k/f17.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  23. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63719824/f2.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  24. ^ https://abdenour-boushaki.blogspot.com/2019/07/yahia-boushaki.html
  25. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5329527f/f26.item.r=Boushaki+Aliouat.zoom
  26. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5329088d/f15.item.r=Ishak+Boushaki+Aliouat.zoom
  27. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5328689k/f18.item.r=Ishak+Bouslaki.zoom
  28. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5329264p/f16.item.r=Boushaki+Meraldene.zoom
  29. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65428850/f40.item.r=Boushaki.zoom
  30. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75849999/f5.item.r=Nait+Saidi+Menerville.zoom
  31. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63694564/f2.item.r=Nait+Saidi.zoom
  32. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5683376r/f1.item.r=Nait+Saidi.zoom
  33. ^ https://wikimapia.org/31120110/Montagne-Gueddara-de-Th%C3%A9nia
  34. ^ https://wikimapia.org/16243853/Cimeti%C3%A8re-Musulman-El-Ghorba-de-Th%C3%A9nia
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