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Samson's riddle

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The Wedding Feast of Samson, Rembrandt, 1638

Samson's riddle is found in the biblical Book of Judges, where it is incorporated into a larger narrative about Samson, the last of the judges of the ancient Israelites. The riddle, with which Samson challenges his thirty wedding guests, is as follows: "Out of the eater came something to eat, and out of the strong came something sweet."

The solution is apparently impossible to discern through deduction alone, since it is based on a private experience of Samson's, who had previously killed a young lion and found bees and honey in its corpse. However, the wedding guests extort the answer from Samson's wife; having lost the wager, Samson is required to give his guests thirty good suits, which he acquires by killing thirty men.

Modern scholars have suggested that the riddle originally existed independently of its present biblical context, and have made conjectures about other possible solutions. Aspects of the surrounding narrative have also been interpreted in various ways, with parallels being drawn to Greek myths of lion-killing heroes, and to the ancient belief that living creatures could spontaneously emerge from dead flesh.

Biblical narrative

Samson Slaying the Lion, Doré
Main article: Samson

The story of Samson's riddle comprises chapter 14 of the Book of Judges. It begins when Samson encounters a Philistine woman in the city of Timnah and decides to marry her, against the objections of his parents. While travelling to Timnah to meet with the woman, Samson is attacked by a young lion. The Spirit of the Lord comes upon him, and he tears the lion apart with his bare hands.

Some time later, Samson returns to Timnah to take the Philistine woman in marriage. On the way, he passes the spot where he had killed the lion, and finds that a swarm of bees have created a hive inside the carcass. Samson gathers some honey from the hive for himself and his parents, but he does not tell his parents about the lion.

At the wedding feast, Samson proposes the following riddle to his Philistine guests:[1]

Samson wagers that the Philistines will be unable to guess the solution to the riddle within seven days (the duration of the feast); the stakes of the wager are thirty linen garments and thirty outfits of clothes. The Philistines compel Samson's new wife to discover the solution for them, threatening to burn her and her father's house if she fails. She accordingly pleads with Samson to tell her the answer to the riddle, and on the seventh day Samson capitulates. Samson's wife passes the solution on to the wedding guests, who repeat it to Samson before sunset on the seventh day, saying: "What is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger than a lion?"[2] Samson replies: "If you had not plowed with my heifer, you would not have solved my riddle."[2]

The Spirit of the Lord comes upon Samson once more, and he goes to Ashkelon and kills thirty Philistines, taking their clothes to pay off the debt owed to his wedding guests. Then, angered by his wife's betrayal, Samson returns to his own family, and the woman is given instead to one of the guests. This incident sets in motion a series of violent conflicts between Samson and the Philistines, as described in subsequent chapters.

Interpretation

There are several difficulties in the text, especially concerning Samson's parents involvement in the phases preceding the wedding, and concerning chronological aspects in the description of the feast and the riddle.[3] Traditional exegesis tends to harmonize the difficulties, but in critical exegesis, these difficulties are usually treated by assuming that the text has undergone several editorial phases.

Some scholars, influenced by form criticism, assume that the distinctive elements of the riddle and its surrounding narrative existed separately before the literary crystallization that wove them together, and that their original form and meaning might have been different than those reflected in their current context. For example, the Philistines' answer appears in the text as the correct answer to the riddle, but it is possible that the original answer was different. It is also conjectured that the two motifs of the tearing of the lion and the bees in the carcass originally existed separately, unrelated to each other and to the riddle. Scholars of this attitude, therefore, tend to focus on the various elements of the story and treat them individually, outside their current context, trying to understand their original background.

Some scholars, such as Othniel Margalith,[4] think that the Samson cycle in general, and Samson's riddle and its surrounding narrative in particular, were largely influenced by Philistine culture, which is generally thought to be related to Ancient Greek culture by way of the Mycenaeans.[5] Accordingly, some scholars treat the narrative, or certain motifs in it, in light of parallel stories of Greek mythology and folklore.

Another widely accepted assumption is that the narrative should be interpreted in light of themes related to sex and gender arising from the Samson cycle in general, and from the context of the wedding feast in particular, which implies an erotic and reckless atmosphere. Accordingly, some interpretations tend to the erotic or the vulgar.

Tearing of the lion

Samson Slays a Lion, 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld

The tearing of the lion can be treated as a legendary description meant to exalt Samson as a superhuman hero, like other descriptions in the Samson cycle that demonstrate his prodigious physical strength. The motif of a hero defeating a lion is widespread in world folklore, and appears in other places in the Hebrew Bible; similar stories are told of David (1 Samuel 17:36) and of Benaiah (2 Samuel 23:20).[6]

According to Paul Carus, the lion is a mythical symbol of the heat of the sun, and Samson represents the solar deity who can "kill the lion", that is, diminish the heat of the sun.[7] Carus' conjecture is rooted in an old scholarly approach, not accepted in current research, which considers Samson a mythological "solar hero" – that is, a god or a demigod related to the sun – and interprets the stories about him from this point of view.

Othniel Margalith points out the fact that in other occurrences of the motif of the defeating of a lion in the Bible, and in the ancient Near East in general, the hero hunts the lion and does not kill him bare-handed as in the Samson story. On the other hand, this detail of killing the lion bare-handed is widespread in Greek sources. This indicates, according to Margalith, the Mycenaean background of the biblical story. Margalith compares the story about Samson tearing the lion to the story about Heracles killing the Nemean lion bare-handed; and to other heroes of Greek mythology, who like Samson kill a lion bare-handed on their way to obtain a wife.[8]

In 2012, archaeologists excavating Tel Beit Shemesh in the Judaean Hills near Jerusalem discovered an ancient stone seal that may depict the story of Samson's fight with a lion.[9] The seal, measuring 1.5 centimeters in diameter, shows a large animal with a feline tail attacking a human figure with what appears to be long hair. It has been dated to roughly the 11th century BCE, a period many scholars consider to be the time of the Biblical judges. The seal was unearthed near the river Sorek, which marked the boundary between the Israelites and their Philistine foes, indicating that the figure on the seal could potentially represent Samson or could evidence the origin story of Samson's fight with the lion.

Honey in the lion's carcass

A few scholars have tried to explain the beehive in the lion's carcass in realistic terms, by suggesting, for example, that the bees nested in the lion's dry skeleton and not in his rotten carcass,[10] but such opinions are uncommon. The common opinion is that this is a description of an exceptional or even miraculous event, like that of the tearing of the lion. Accordingly, most scholars ignore the realistic background of the description and treat it with literary methods.[citation needed]

Scholars have suggested parallels to this motif, such as the alleged ritual of bugonia – the raising of bees in a cow's carcass – described in Greek and Roman literary sources. This fictitious pratice derived credence from the ancients' belief in spontaneous generation. Virgil describes bugonia as an Egyptian custom, and some speculate that the idea arose in connection with the identity between apis, the Latin word for "bee", and Apis, the Latin name of the Egyptian bull-deity.[11] It is possible that the Samson story was influenced by a similar double meaning in Hebrew.[clarification needed] A related story is that of Onesilus and the bees that nested in his skull.

The riddle

Samson's riddle – the only explicit example of a riddle in the Hebrew Bible[12] – has been described as an unfair one, as it is apparently impossible to guess the answer without knowledge of Samson's encounter with the lion, which he had kept a secret from everyone.[13][14] Many commentators have therefore attempted to prove that the riddle was capable of other solutions.

In the early 20th century, Hermann Stahn, followed by G. A. Cooke, observed that bees in Palestine produce their honey during the months of May and June, when the sun is in the sign of Leo, a fact which Samson's guests ought to have known.[15] Hans Bauer suggested that the riddle was a play on words, positing that the original text of the story made use of an Arabic word for "honey" which, in Hebrew, would be identical to the word for "lion". According to this theory, the riddle was etymological, with the solution being: "the word 'honey' was derived from the word 'lion'".[16] However, later scholars have been unable to confirm the existence of the Arabic word in question.[17]

James L. Crenshaw has argued that possible solutions to the riddle include "vomit" and "semen", which would both connect with the circumstances of the wedding feast. In support of the "semen" interpretation, Crenshaw cites several other passages in biblical writing in which eating and drinking are used as metaphors for sexual intercourse.[18]

One Christian interpretation holds that the riddle discloses "the entire divine logic governing Samson's life". Samson's strength, throughout his story, is employed towards violent ends, but "something sweet" ultimately emerges from his actions; that is, the destruction of the enemies of Israel.[19]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Judges 14:14 (NKJV). Bible Gateway.
  2. ^ a b Judges 14:18 (NKJV). Bible Gateway.
  3. ^ Soggin 1981, pp. 239–242.
  4. ^ Margalith 1987, pp. 66–68; Margalith 1986, pp. 228–229
  5. ^ Yadin 2002, p. 416.
  6. ^ Amit 1999, p. 234.
  7. ^ Carus 1907, pp. 42–43.
  8. ^ Margalith 1987, pp. 66–68.
  9. ^ Wells 2012.
  10. ^ Margalith 1986, p. 227.
  11. ^ See M. Naor's note at Tur-Sinai 1966, p. 393
  12. ^ Margalith 1986, p. 226.
  13. ^ Soggin 1981, p. 241.
  14. ^ Moore 1895, p. 335.
  15. ^ Cooke 1913, p. 141.
  16. ^ Porter 1962, pp. 106–109.
  17. ^ Sasson 2021, p. 586.
  18. ^ Crenshaw 1978, pp. 114–116.
  19. ^ Morrissey, C. S. (3 October 2018). "Samson's riddle gives a glimpse of divine logic". The B.C. Catholic.

Sources

Further reading

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