Biomedical data science

Biomedical data science is a multidisciplinary field which leverages large volumes of data to promote biomedical innovation and discovery. Biomedical data science draws from various fields including (bio)statistics, (biomedical) informatics, machine learning, and computer engineering, with the goal of understanding biological and medical data. It can be viewed as the study and application of data science to solve biomedical problems. Modern biomedical datasets often have specific features which make their analyses difficult, including:

• High dimensionality, often larger than the number of samples
• Noisy data
• Privacy concerns (e.g., electronic health record confidentiality)

• requirement of interpretability from decision makers and regulatory bodies

These characteristics, while also present in many data science applications more generally, make biomedical data science a specific field. Examples of biomedical data science research include:

• Computational genomics
• Computational imaging
• Electronic health records data mining

Training in Biomedical Data Science

The National Library of Medicine of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) identified key biomedical data scientist attributes in an NIH-wide review: general biomedical subject matter knowledge; programming language expertise; predictive analytics, modeling, and machine learning; team science and communication; and responsible data stewardship.

University Departments and Programs

• Dartmouth College’s Geisel School of Medicine houses the Department of Biomedical Data Science where Quantitative Biomedical Sciences programs are available at the master’s and PhD levels.
• Johns Hopkins University’s Department of Biomedical Engineering offers biomedical data science training at the undergraduate, master's, and PhD levels.
• Imperial College London’s Faculty of Medicine and Data Science Institute offer an MRes in Biomedical Research (Data Science).
• Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine offers a Master of Science in Biomedical Data Science.
• Stanford University’s Department of Biomedical Data Science offers multiple biomedical informatics graduate programs (MS, PhD, and MD/PhD).
• The University of Exeter’s College of Healthcare and Medicine offers an MSc in Health Data Science.

Biomedical Data Science Research in Academia

Scholarly Journals

The first journal dedicated to biomedical data science appeared in 2018 – Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science.

“The Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science provides comprehensive expert reviews in biomedical data science, focusing on advanced methods to store, retrieve, analyze, and organize biomedical data and knowledge. The scope of the journal encompasses informatics, computational, and statistical approaches to biomedical data, including the sub-fields of bioinformatics, computational biology, biomedical informatics, clinical and clinical research informatics, biostatistics, and imaging informatics. The mission of the journal is to identify both emerging and established areas of biomedical data science, and the leaders in these fields.”

Biomedical Data Science Success Story

The Human Genome Project (HGP), which uncovered the DNA sequences that compose human genes, would not have been possible without biomedical data science. Significant computational resources were required to process the data in the HGP, as the human genome contains over 3 billion DNA base pairs. Scientists constructed the genome by piecing together small fragments of DNA, and computing overlaps between these sequences alone required over 10,000 CPU hours. At this massive data scale, scientists relied on advanced algorithms to perform data processing steps such as sequence assembly and sequence alignment for quality control. Some of these algorithms, such as BLAST, are still used in modern bioinformatics. Scientists in the HGP also had to address complexities often associated with biomedical data including noisy data, such as DNA read errors, and privacy rights of the research subjects. The HGP, completed in 2004, has had immense impact both biologically, shedding light on human evolution, and medically, launching the field of bioinformatics and leading to technologies such as genetic screening and gene therapy.